Post on 08-Feb-2016
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DNA Forensics
DNA Fingerprinting - What is It?
• Use of molecular genetic methods that determine the exact genotype of a DNA sample in a such a way that the results distinguish one biological organism from another
• This unique genotype = DNA Profile
It’s not that complicated• A DNA fingerprint is a method of
looking at the similarities and differences that exist in organisms’ DNA sequences
• Distinguish one biological organism from another
• Individually discriminating southern blot minisatellite hybridization profile
Collect Tissue Sample
How to do DNA FingerprintingThe Big Picture
>1000 cells
RFLP / Southern blot PCR AnalysisRFLP / Southern blot
>20 cells
DNA Fingerprinting RFLPDetermination of an individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments
Collect Tissue Sample
How to do DNA FingerprintingThe Big Picture
>1000 cells
RFLP / Southern blot PCR AnalysisRFLP / Southern blot
>20 cells
Non Coding vs Coding DNA• The majority of our genome is made up non coding
DNA• How much?• Of this a large portion is of short sequences that are
repeated, sometimes hundreds of times. There are numerous forms of this "repetitive DNA"
Short Tandem Repeats(STR’s)
STR – region of DNA containing tandem copies of di-, tri- or tetranucleotide repeat units.
Examples:Dinucleotide repeats: GTGTGTGTGTGT……
Trinucleotide repeats: ACGACGACGACG……Tetranucleotide repeats:TATCTATCTATC……
More on STRs• Number of repeats varies greatly between
individuals• STRs make up 10-15% of the mammalian
genome• STRs are also called “microsatellites”
Possible Patterns for a Single “Gene” With Three Alleles
In a standard DNA fingerprint, about a dozen sites are analyzed, with each site having many possible alleles.
PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction
What is It?• Basically DNA replication in a tube• Needs the same basic components as DNA
replication:
• DNA nucleotides, the building blocks for the new DNA • Template DNA, the DNA sequence that you want to
amplify • Primers, single-stranded DNAs between 20 and 50
nucleotides long that are complementary to a short region on either side of the template DNA
• Taq polymerase, a heat stable enzyme that drives, or catalyzes, the synthesis of new DNA
• Targets a particular sequence and amplifies it many many, many, many times
PCR https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KoLnIwoZKU
CODIS Loci• Combined DNA Index System• 13 Loci across human genome
Multilocus analysis - 7 loci
DNA Allele Interpretation• http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727733.500-fallibl
e-dna-evidence-can-mean-prison-or-freedom.html#.U0f7lsYh5W4
Grim Sleeper
MZ DZDZ
Monozygotic (Identical) and Dizygotic (Fraternal)
twins STR Analysis
Mitochondrial DNA
Y Chromosomal Inheritance
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com
Homework
• See Blackboard for Assignments for this Special Topic