Post on 12-Jan-2016
DIVERSITY Numbers
• about 80% of all animals are arthropods • estimated to be over 30 million arthropods • far more of them than all other metazoan species
combined • in virtually every conceivable environment:
marine, terrestrial, freshwater, and aerial habitats.
Phylum ArthropodaSubphylum Trilobita (extinct)Subphylum ChelicerataSubphylum CrustaceaSubphylum Uniramia (insects)
• a heterogeneous taxon with many subtaxa
• two pairs antennae • marine, freshwater, and terrestrial • Primarily aquatic • Free-floating larval stage • 26,000+ known species
Subphylum Crustacea
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
It is numerically the largest phyla and literally means jointed foot.
Class: Crustacea - crab, shrimp, barnacle, and lobster (Florida specie has no claws)
1. Jointed appendages have a variety of specialized functions.
2. The body is covered by an exoskeleton made of chitin.
Advantage: good protection, muscles attach to it for strength
Disadvantage: heavy and does not grow - animal must molt (shed) exoskeleton and becomes very vulnerable to predators
3. The body has 2 segments - a cephalothorax covered by the carapace and the abdomen.
4. Meroplanktonic larvae don’t compete with adults for food; Metamorphosis provides a gradual change to adult life as Epifauna.
5. An open circulatory system contains a blue pigment called hemocyanin to transport oxygen from the gills to the body.
Phylum Arthropoda
• Exoskeleton of chitin • Exoskeleton hardened by calcium
carbonate• All Crustaceans Molt – shed their
exoskeleton• Jointed appendages –BODY ADVANCE• Subphylum Crustacea• Head and thorax fused into cephalothorax• 2 pairs of antennae• A pair of appendages at each body
segment
Appendages at each body segment
The Strongest Punch
ANOSTRACA
• fairy shrimp and brine shrimp
PHYLLOPODA
• tadpole shrimps, ostracod, water fleas
MALACOSTRACA
• the largest, most heterogeneous, and diverse crustacean taxon
• shrimps, crabs, lobsters, mantis shrimps, pillbugs, crayfishes
COPEPODA
• copepods
• enormous ecological importance as planktonic herbivores
CIRRIPEDIA
• barnacles
Subphylum Crustacea
Gills b. Crustacean Gills
• crustacean gills are usually associated with appendages
• blood circulates through the gill and is oxygenated
Respiration
Reproduction
Crab Zoea – Crab Larve
Reproduction is sexual Fertilization is external
Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System
Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems.
DORSAL BRAIN VENTRAL NERVE CORD
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Unlike the red pigment hemoglobin, their blood carries copper instead of iron.
It makes an excellent medium for long-term laboratory test because it will not support bacterial growth.
6. They have a ventral nerve cord with a well-developed brain and compound eyes. Neurosecretory cells control molting, color changes, food storage and hormones.
On the Menu• Some Barnacles are eaten as a delicacy
• Below Left are Percebes – (Gooseneck Barnacles) a popular food in Spain
SOFT SHELL CRAB (Pictured at right) Caught just after the crab has molted (Shed its hard shell and before its new shell has calcified)
Copepod – small but very significant
A Vital Crustacean – They are the link between primary producers (Phytoplankton) and higher level consumers including the baleen whales
Their nutrient rich fecal matter also allows for nutrients to be recycled quicker into the ecosystem
Barnacle
An unusual member of this phylum.
Barnacles start as free swimming larve
They become sessile suspension feedersas they attach to almost any hard surface such as rocks boats or whales
Athropoda
Euphausiid
Amphipod
Ostracod Cladoceran
Remember these Bioluminescent creatures?
Mysids Mantis Shrimp (Stomatopod)
Claws which could shatter an aquariums glass….used to punch holes into bivlave shells
Strongest Punch in the WorldMantis Shrimp
Peacock Mantis Shrimp kills Blue-ringed Octopus
ShrimpCrabs
Lobsters
Hermit Crabs
Coconut Crab (hermit crab that doesn’t use shell)
Class Merostomata = Horseshoe Crabs
Horseshoe-Crabs.com
The horseshoe crab has been around for over 500 million years and has changed very little in that time.
Class Pycnogonida = Sea Spiders
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Acorn barnacles (Class Cirripedia) on an intertidal rock jetty in Ft. Pierce, Florida
• When the barnacles are covered with sea water, the thoracic legs are extended to feed on plankton
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Zonation of acorn barnacles (lighter color) and mussels (darker color) in a tidepool in Maine
• This illustrates the intense competition for space among these organisms
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Red banded coral shrimp (Stenopus hispidus) from Bonaire in the Caribbean
• Two pairs of long white antennae often mark the hiding place of this cleaning shrimp
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Yucatan spotted cleaning shrimp (Periclimenes yucatanicus) perched on tentacles of giant anemone (Condylactis gigantea) in Bonaire
• Cleans parasites from fish skin and gills
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Pederson’s cleaning shrimp (Periclimenes pedersoni) on star coral (Montastrea annularis) in Bonaire
• Long white antennae and swaying body attract fish to be cleaned
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Ventral view of an arrow crab (Stenorhynchus seticornis) from Bonaire in the Caribbean
• Note eyes on long-pointed rostrum (“narrow”= steno; “nose”= rhynchus)
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Dorsal view of an arrow crab (Stenorhynchus seticornis) from Bonaire in the Caribbean
• Note long, thin spider-like legs
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Gaudy clown crab (Platypodiella spectabilis), a small crab living in coral rubble in Bermuda
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Channel clinging crab or spider crab (Mithrax spinosissimus) in Belize
• Found under overhanging ledges during the day, forages in the open at night
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) on a beach in Ft. Pierce, Florida
• Burrows are inland, above the high tide line, but the females come to the water to release their larvae
Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Batwing coral crab (Carpilius corallinus) foraging in the open at night in Bonaire
• These crabs have been overharvested in many areas of the Caribbean
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Zoea larva of a crab, found in the plankton in Bermuda
• Note the rostrum and the large eyes
• The zoea larva develops into a megalops larva
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Stareye hermit crab (Dardanus venosus) with anemones on both ends of the shell it carries as a retreat, in Roatan, Honduras
• Active at night in the Caribbean
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Giant hermit crab (Petrochirus diogenes) crawling across a sand flat in Belize
• This is the largest of the Caribbean hermit crabs, with large scaly claws and red and white banded antennae
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Crustacea
• Two Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) in a coral crevice, where they retreat during the day
• At night, they forage on the bottom in open areas
Photo Copyright © Diane R. Nelson
Crustaceans have an exoskeleton made of
Bone
Chiti
n
Cal
cium
Car
bonat
e
Cel
lulo
se
0% 0%
25%
75%1. Bone
2. Chitin
3. Calcium Carbonate
4. Cellulose
The cephalothorax is a fused
Hea
d and
Neck
Abdom
en a
nd Thora
x
Hea
d and
Thora
x
Thora
x an
d Nec
k
6%0%
69%
25%
1. Head and Neck
2. Abdomen and Thorax
3. Head and Thorax
4. Thorax and Neck
The two body segments of a Crustaceans are the
Cep
halo
thor
ax a
nd ..
.
Cep
halo
thor
ax a
nd ..
.
Cep
halo
thro
ax a
nd ..
.
Hea
d and
Abdomen
0%
13%
80%
7%
1. Cephalothorax and Head
2. Cephalothorax and Neck
3. Cephalothroax and Abdomen
4. Head and Abdomen
Crustaceans have ____ pair(s) antennae
1 2 4 8
6%0%
6%
88%1. 1
2. 2
3. 4
4. 8