District Assessment ReviewVocab terms you should know:

Synthesize Gene expressionHomeostasis CorrelationPolypeptide ComplementaryMonomer ConversionPolymer SaccharideSemi-permeable SoluteSolvent Homologous

Cell Structure & Function • Cell Membrane• Chloroplast• Mitochondria• Nucleus• Ribosome• Golgi apparatus• Endoplasmic Reticulum • Vacuole• Lysosome

Carbohydrates• Elements: C, H, O• Monomer: mono-

saccharides• Polymer: polysaccharides• Function:

– Energy storage– Identification on surface

of cell membrane

Glucose

Lipids• Elements: C, H, some O• Subunits: glycerol + fatty acids• Function:

– Long term energy storage– Main part of cell membrane

• hydrophobic

Phospholipid

Proteins• Elements: C, H, O, N• Monomer: amino acids• Polymer: polypeptide (protein)• Function:

– Make reactions and cell processes happen

– Build bones and muscle– fight disease

Nucleic Acids• Elements: C, H, O, N, P• Monomer: nucleotides• Polymer: DNA or RNA• Function: - Carry genetic info

Pyrimidines (DNA)

Purines (DNA)Nucleotides

ADP and ATP (Electron Carriers)

ATPADP

Energy

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + PhosphateEnergy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Chloroplast

Water

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Section 9-1

FlowchartSection 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

Glycolysis KrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

Cellular Respiration

Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

• Cellular Respiration

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

• Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light→C6H12O6 + 6O2

Outside of cell

Inside of cell (cytoplasm)

Lipid Bilayer

Proteins

Transport Protein Phospholipids

Carbohydratechains

Structure of the Cell Membrane

Go to Section:

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal state within an organism. Examples of homeostasis in our bodies are: Regulation of water content Regulation of body temperature Regulation of blood glucose levels

Types of Cellular Transport

• Passive Transport cell doesn’t use energy

1. Diffusion2. Facilitated Diffusion3. Osmosis

• Active Transportcell does use energy

1. Protein Pumps2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis

high

low

This is gonna be

hard work!!

high

low

Weeee!!!

Passive Transport: 1. Diffusion

1. Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

(High to Low)• Diffusion continues until all

molecules are evenly spaced (equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.

http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm

Simple Diffusion Animation

2. Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane a. Transport Proteins are

specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane

b.Transports larger or charged molecules

Facilitated diffusion (Channel Protein)

Diffusion (Lipid

Bilayer)

Passive Transport: 2. Facilitated Diffusion

Carrier Protein

A B

• http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm

• 3.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

• Water moves from high to low concentrations

•Water moves freely through pores.

•Solute (green) to large to move across.

Osmosis animation

Passive Transport: 3. Osmosis

Types of Active Transport

1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy to do work• Example: Sodium /

Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.

Sodium Potassium Pumps (Active Transport using proteins)

Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

What type of solution are these cells in?

A CB

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

Location & Structure of DNA

• Location:– in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.– In the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

• Structure:– Double stranded (double helix) – Composed of 3 part nucleotides:

• Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)• Phosphate group (PO4)• Note: The two alternate S-P-S-P with the nitrogen bases

always lined up on the Sugars (deoxyribose) • Nitrogen base (1 of 4)

– Adenine (A) – purine– Guanine (G) - purine– Thymine (T) – pyrimidine– Cytosine (C) - pyrimidine

DNA Replication

Can you write the corresponding Nitrogen Base?

1. GAC TAT ATT GAC ATT GAG CCC TTA

2. ATA GAG CAC GCA TAT CCG AGT TAT

Location & Structure of RNA• Location:

– In the nucleus– Cytoplasm– Ribosome

• Structure:– Single Strand– Nucleotides composed of:

• Ribose (5-carbon sugar)• Phosphate group• Nitrogen bases:

– Adenine (A)– Guanine (G)– Cytosine (C)– Uracil (U)

– RNA does not contain thymine but has uracil

Translation

Gene Mutations• Produce changes in a single cell.• Types:

– Point mutations – involves changes in one or a few nucleotides and occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.

• Substitutions – one base is changed to another; only affects a single amino acid.

• Insertions & Deletions– a base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence; much more dramatic because the genetic code is read in 3-base codons.

– Frameshift mutations – the shifting of codons & the “reading frame” which may change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation. It can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions.

G0

Overview of Mitosis

Parent Cell=2n (diploid)

Daughter cell= 2n

(diploid)

Daughter cell= 2n

(diploid)

Meiosis: OverviewParent Cell: diploid= 2n

After Meiosis I

After Meiosis II

Daughter Cells:

Haploid= n ; and all genetically different from each other and parent cell

1/21 Organic Compounds18. Which of these best represents a fatty acid molecule?

1/21 Organic Compounds20. Based on the results of a series of experiments, Joshua created the table to summarize some of the characteristics of the chemicals needed for life.

From this information, it can be inferred that nucleic acids ___.

A. are larger molecules than proteins.B. are necessary for a cell to make proteins from amino acids.C. do not mix with water.D. can be used by cells as an energy source.

1/23 Organic Compounds21. What term best completes this analogy?

Nucleotide is to nucleic acid as ______ is to protein.

A. DNAB. GlycerolC. Amino acidD. Carbohydrate

1/23 Organic Compounds22. Which structural formula represents a polysaccharide?

A. 1 B. 2C. 4 D. 5

1/27 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

28. The energy used to obtain, transfer, andtransport materials within an organism comesdirectly from

A. ATPB. DNA C. SunlightD. starch

1/27 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

30. Which of the following correctly describes how a diagram of cellular respiration would differ from a diagram of photosynthesis?

F The cellular-respiration diagram would show electromagnetic waves as the final product.G The cellular-respiration diagram would show glucose as

the main source of energy.H The cellular-respiration diagram would show energy stored in large protein molecules.J The cellular-respiration diagram would show water as

the main source of chemical energy.

1/29 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

31.

1/31 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

1/31 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis39. During the process of transcription, the strand of messenger RNA shown below is produced.

mRNA AACUUAGGACAU

What was the original DNA template that produced this strand?

A TTCTTAGGACATB UUGTTUCCUGUTC UUGAAUCCUGUAD TTGAATCCTGTA

2/5 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

47. A codon chart is shown below.

Which of these changes to the DNA triplet 3’ GCT 5’ will affect the protein produced?A GTT C TCCB TCT D GCA

2/5 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis49. How does DNA in cells determine an organism’s complex traits?

A DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism.B DNA separates into long single strands that make up each part of an organism.C DNA produces the energy an organism needs in order to grow.D DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the cells of an organism.

2/7 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis51. The main function of this process is to

A provide an exact copy of the genetic code

B ensure genetic variation in a species

C synthesize cellular proteinsD produce antibodies to

combat disease

2/7 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

52. What does gene expression control?

A the proteins that are made by the cellB the rate at which DNA replication occursC the duration between cell cyclesD the division of the cell nucleus

2/11 Cell Reproduction55. Part of a process necessary for reproduction in complex organisms is represented

Step C results in the production of

A. four zygotes that will develop into embryosB. embryonic cells that could unite and

develop into an organismC. four cells that will recombine to form

two offspringD. gametes that could be involved in the

formation of a zygote

2/11 Cell Reproduction56. Which sequence best represents sexualreproduction?

A. mitosis → gametes → zygote → fertilizationB. gametes →meiosis →mitosis →fertilizationC. fertilization → gametes → meiosis → zygoteD. meiosis → gametes → fertilization → zygote

2/11 Cell Reproduction

59. Which of these statements best explains why meiosis is important for sexual reproduction?

A By involving two cell divisions, meiosis ensures that offspring receive half their genetic information from each parent.

B By involving a single cell division, meiosis ensures that offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the parents.C Meiosis occurs in those cells that have already undergone DNA replication.D During meiosis, sister chromatids, which are genetically different from each other, line up along the center of the cell, and then separate into two cells.

2/13 Cell Reproduction60. The diagram to the right represents thecell cycle.

When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancercells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely to do which of the following?

A Fail to complete S phaseB Mutate during G1 phase C Repeat the cell cycle continuouslyD Die after completing mitosis 1

2/13 Cell Reproduction61. The diagram below shows four stages of a cell undergoing mitosis.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages as they occur in the cell cycle?A 1, 3, 4, 2B 2, 1, 3, 4C 2, 4, 3, 1D 4, 3, 2, 1

2/13 Cell Reproduction64. Which of these must occur during S phase of the cell cycle so that two daughter cells can be produced during M phase?

A The DNA must be replicated.B The chromosomes must be joined.C The cytoplasm must be separated.D The cell membrane must be expanded.