Post on 13-Dec-2015
Digital Map fromDr. William Bowen California State University Northridge
Sacramento-San Joaquin
DeltaSan Joaquin
River
Sacramento River
Suisun Bay
San Francisco
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Stationary Habitat ---Geometry
Dynamic Habitat ---Hydrodynamics, ocean conditions, weather
Environment
Biological Conditions
3
Estuarine habitat conceptual model(Peterson 2003)
Stationary Habitat
Dynamic Habitat
Production AreaTidal and River Flow
PelagicRecruitment
4
Hydrology
Delta Geometry
Water Demand
Exports
Delta Hydrodynamics
Realized Habitat
Potential Habitat
Biological and Chemical Conditions
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Tides
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
0
5
10
15
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Day of Water Year
W D
1983 1977 1998 1991 1995 1992 1982 1990 1958 1994 (1997)
Dry Years
Wet Years
Fre
shw
ater
Flo
w (
m3 s
-1)
Variability of Freshwater Delta Inflow
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Pelagic organisms follow salinity:The copepod Eurytemora affinis
Kimmerer 1998
40 50 60 70 80 90 10040
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1:1 Regression Line
X2 (km)
Po
sit
ion
of
Pe
ak
(k
m)
8X2 (km)
1009080706050
100
90
80
70
60
50
X2
Cen
ter
of d
istr
ibut
ion
1:1
Pelagic organisms follow salinity: Delta smelt
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0 10 20 300
20
40
60
80
100Delta smelt
Thr. shadAm. shad
Striped bass
Chinook salmon
Salinity
C
um
ula
tive
Pe
rce
nt
Splittail
Most fishes follow salinities
Kimmerer 2004
Marine species
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1967-871988-2000
1982-2000 (DS)All Years
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
2
3
4
5
50 60 70 80 90
0
1
2
3
50 60 70 80 90
-2
-1
0
1
Bay Shrimp
Striped BassSplittail
Longfin smeltDelta smelt
Herring Am. Shad
Flounder
Lo
g A
bu
nd
an
ce
or
Su
rviv
al
X2 (km)High Flow Low Flow
Source:Kimmerer 2002MEPS
Higher trophic levels show many
relationships of abundance to
freshwater flow
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X2 (km)
0
1
2
0
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
50 60 70 80 90
2
3
4
5
50 60 70 80 90-2
-1
0
1
2
Mysid
Copepod: Spring
Copepod: Summer
Rotifer: Summer
Chlorophyll: SummerChlorophyll: Spring
Lo
g A
bu
nd
an
ce
X2(km)
High Flow Low Flow
Lower trophic levels show few relationships
of abundance to freshwater flow
Source:Kimmerer 2002 MEPS
1972-19871988-2000
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X2 (km)
Modern delta
Short residence times
Rip-rapped
Cross Delta flows
Rare San Joaquin connection to bay
Waterways web-like14
What Changes As Flow Increases?
X2Location of Any Salinity
RangeLSZ
Salinity and X2
FLOW
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stratification
Flo
odpl
ains
ProportionDiverted
What Changes As Flow Increases?
DeltaResidence Time
RiverStage,
Velocity
River stage and velocity
Floodplain inundation
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FLOW
FLOW
Upstream bottom current
NutrientsContaminantsOrganic matter
Sediment
What Changes As Flow Increases?
Concentrations
Loadings
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FLOW
FLOW
What Changes As Flow Increases?
Adult spawners move up:SalmonGreen and White
SturgeonLongfin smeltDelta smeltSplittailAmerican shadPacific herring
Young Marine fish move up:Starry flounderWhite croakerPacific halibut
Young fish move down:SalmonLongfin smeltDelta smeltSplittailAmerican shadStriped bass
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1.1. Environmental flows are more than just volumes of inflows Environmental flows are more than just volumes of inflows and outflowsand outflows
2.2. Recent flow regimes both harm native species and Recent flow regimes both harm native species and encourage non-native speciesencourage non-native species
3.3. Flow is a major determinant of habitat and transportFlow is a major determinant of habitat and transport
4.4. Recent Delta environmental flows are insufficient to support Recent Delta environmental flows are insufficient to support native Delta fishes for today’s habitatsnative Delta fishes for today’s habitats
5.5. A strong science program and a flexible management A strong science program and a flexible management regime are essential to improving flow criteriaregime are essential to improving flow criteria
Five Key Points
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+
-
NutrientsOrganic matter
SedimentFish
Flo
odpl
ains
ProportionDiverted
What Changes As Flow Increases?
X2
-Delta
Residence Time
-
RiverStage,
Velocity
+
Location of Any Salinity
Range
-SalinityAt a Point
LSZ
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FishProduction
BenthicProduction
Zooplankton Production
MicrobialProduction
PhytoplanktonProduction
Nutrient Input
Organic InputInputs
Hydrodynamic Forcing:
Freshwater inflowOceanic variability
Wind
Stratification
Transport/Retention
PhysicalHabitat
Physical forcing
mechanisms
Material flows
Direct physical
influences
Key feedback
loop
Conceptual Model:Physical effects on estuarine ecosystem
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