Diabetes, kidney and electrolytes

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Transcript of Diabetes, kidney and electrolytes

Diabetes, kidney and electrolytes

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Causes of hyponatremiarenal failure leads to hypervolemiaheart failure leads to hypervolemiaheart failure leads to hypervolemiawater intakeloss of sodium and body fluidhypothyroidism 

both thyroid hormone and cortisol are required Addison's disease

to excrete free water

diuretic use factitious hyponatremia or Isotonic hyponatremia, more commonly called "pseudohyponatremia," is caused by measurement error due to 

l d ( bl d l d l l )Hypertriglyceridemia (massive increases in blood triglyceride levels) (most common) or paraproteinemiaHyperglycaemia or Hypertonic hyponatremia, caused by resorption of water drawn by molecules such as glucosey g

increased protein catabolismUrea ↑, Creatinine normal purinary tract obstructiongastrointestinal bleedingsteroid therapy

↑,

muscle injury (crush a injury) or rhabdomyolysis

Urea normal, Crea nine↑

drugs that block the excretion of creatinine:‐ trimethoprimAntiarrhythmic: dronedaroneAntiarrhythmic:  dronedarone‐ H2‐blockers: cimetidine, Ranitidine and famotidine‐ TenofovirInterference with the test:‐ acetoacetate (in diabetic ketoacidosis)‐ Cefoxitin and flucytosineconsumption of a large meal of meatconsumption of a large meal of meat

1‐ Hypoparathyroidism2‐ renal failure

In renal failure states,  phosphate excretion is reduced, this leads to hyperphosphatemia and chelating and depositing calcium

For evaluation of insolinoma in a patient with unreasonable hypoglycaemia, after 72 fasting serum glucose, insulin and c peptide is measured.

Hyperinsulinemiarelated hypergonadotropichypogonadism:by directly reducing testicular testosterone levelstestosterone levels

Hypogonadism↕↕

Insulinemia

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In nephrotic syndrome lipoproteins tend to increase

sensitivity of the test strip is p

10 mg protein/dL

I i d Gl T lImpaired Glucose Tolerance

FBS ↑ N N ↑

2hPP ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

HbA1c

↑ ↑ N N

Steatohepatitis

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Low urinary citrate excretion is a risk factor for the development of kidney stones

Hypertonic hyponatremia

In fatty liver disease other liver function test are normal

Diuretic use or diarrhea

Two possibilities:If Ca is normal → Secondary hyperparathyroidism (low phosphate are seen in 50% cases)2‐ if Ca is high→ tertiary hyperparathyroidism,2 if Ca is  high → tertiary hyperparathyroidism,