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Large Scale Storage of Hydrogen from Renewables -Opportunities for Mobility and Industry

Detlef Stoltend.stolten@fz-juelich.de

Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3)

BASF 150 Years – Science SymposiumLudwigshafenMarch 9, 2015

Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3) 2

Hydrogen Storagein the Context of a Transforming Energy System

This presentation aims at identifying major vectors formass markets and technologies

Results may be different in niche markets

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Genetic Eve

Modern CO2 Level Rise is Unmatched in Human History

400 ppm Level: last sustainedly reached 14-20 million years ago, MiddleMiocene, 5-10 °C warmer than today, no Arctic ice cap, sea level 25- 40 m higherA.K.Tripati et al., Science 326, 1394 (2009)DOI: 10.1126/science.1178296Life Expectancy of a baby born today in DE:100 years 2115

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Drivers Climate change Energy security Competitiveness Local emissions

Grand Challenges Renewable energy Electro-mobility Efficient central power plants Fossil cogeneration Storage Transmission Interconnect the energy sectors to leverage synergies

Goals 2 degrees climate goal requires ……………. 50% ….by 2050 worldwide G8 goal …………………………………………80% ….by 2050 w/r 1990 Germany to reduce GHG emissions by …….80-95% by 2050 (w/o nuclear)

Future Energy Solutions need to be Game Changers

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Energy sector 37%• Power generation 30% 22.5 % Renewables

Transport (90% petroleum-based) 17%• Passenger vehicles 11% 8.3 % Hydrogen / renewable power• Trucks, buses, trains, ships, airplanes 6% 4.5 % Liquid fuel substitutes (biomass/

CO2-based; hydrogenation)Residential 11% • Residential heating 11% 8.3 % Insulation, heat pumps etc.

(electricity in power generation)Industry, trade and commerce 23%• Industry 19% 9.5 % CO2-capture from steel, cement,

ammonia; hydrogen for CO2-use• Trade and commerce 4% 25 % already cleaned-up since 1990

Agriculture and forestry 8% 78.1% clean-up

Others 4%Total 100%

Source: Emission Trends for Germany since 1990, Trend Tables: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Equivalents, without CO2 from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry, Umweltbundesamt 2011

Transport-related values: supplemented with Shell LKW Studie – Fakten, Trends und Perspektiven im Straßengüterverkehr bis 2030.

Emissions Remedies (major vectors)

GHG Emissions Shares by Sector in Germany (2010)

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Power Grid Gas Grid

Elektrolysis

H2-Storage

Power Generation HouseholdsTransportationIndustry

Demand

Power to Chem

Power to Gas (H2)

Power to Fuel

Power to Gas (CH4)

Excess Power is Inherent to RenewablePower Generation

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• 2050: 80% reduction goal fully achieved

• 2040: start of market penetration

• 2030: research finalized for 1st generation technology

Development period: unil 2040

Research period: until 2030

⇒ 15 years left for research => TRL 5 and higher

TRL 4 at least

This is not to say research at lower TRL levels is not useful,it will just not contribute to the 2050 goal

Timeline for CO2-Reduction and the Implicationof TRL Levels

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Intermittant Power Entails Overcapacity

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Installed renewable power exceeds power demand on a regularbasis

renewable power needed = capacity factor x average power demand

• Averaged power demand for Germany: ~60GW

• Capacity factor for full renewable power supply

• Onshore wind 4.4

• Offshore wind 2.2@ no losses for reconversion considered

Overcapacity in Power is Inherent forFull Renewable Energy Supply

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2020 2030 2040 2050Peak excess power* GWe 22 55 90 125Excess energy* TWhe 2,5 30 100 200Minimum storage size** TWh 0,9 6 12 17

• Wind power will be the predominant renewable source• Amount of excess energy becomes siginificant from 2030 on

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2020 2030 2040 2050

Pro

duce

d el

. [T

Wh e

] PVOnshoreOffshore

Development of Renewables According to Current German Policy

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Hydrogen Generation from Electric Power

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Alkaline electrolysis

OH-

- +

PEM - electrolysis Solid Oxide Electrolysis

-

H+

+ -

O2-

+

Mature technology <3.6 MW stacks Plants <156 MW Ni catalysts 750 €/kW - 1000€/kW

Development stage < 1 MW in development Pt and Ir as catalysts Simple plant design

€1500@ 2015 € 500@ 2030 (FZJ)

Laboratory stage Very high efficiency Brittle ceramics Hence, slow scale-up Just cost estimations

Options for Water Electrolysis

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Hydrogen Storage and Transmission Technology

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Storage cycles / a

Relative allowableinvestmentcost / kWh*

Investment cost€/kW

Storage capacityrequirement

Power requirement

Short-term storage

100-1000 100% Batteries(transportation)250-500

GWh some 10 GW

Long-term storage

1- 10 1% 500 - 1000 TWh(1000 GWh)

some 10 GW

* @ comparable specific cost

Disjunction of Power and Energy

Batteries : Power and energy scale linearly with unit sizeHydrogen: Power scales less than energy

Electrolyzers Gas caverns

Peak-shaving vs. Bulk Energy Storage

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Depleted oil / gas fields

Aquifers Salt caverns Rock caverns / abandoned

mines

Working volume [scm] 1010 108 107 106

Cushion gas 50 % up to 80 % 20 - 30 % 20 - 30 %

Gas qualityreaction and contaminationwith present gases,microorganism and minerals

saturation with water vapor

Annual cycling cap. only seasonal seasonal & frequentInvest / working vol.‡ [€2014/m3]

0.5 § 0.5 § 0.85 § assumedmuch higher than salt caverns

Invest/ deliverability‡ [€2014/m3/d]

50§ 50 § 8 §

§ for a 100 mcm facility; §§ for a 500 mcm facility; ‡ Chachine et. al.: More underground storage for increased gas consumption. UN/ECE, 2000; costs refer to natural gas storage facility, original value is given in US$2000 and transformed to €2014 including inflation rate

Geologic Gas Storage Facilities

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Gasholders

Spherical gas vessels

Ground storage assemblies

Pipe storage facilities

Maximum pressure [bar] 1.01 - 1.5 5 - 20 40 - 1000 20 - 100Geometric volume in [m3]

1 - 40 x103 1 - 50* x103 1 - 100 § 1 - 10 x103

Storage capacity [scm] < 6 x 104 < 3 x105 < 1 x 104 § < 9 x 105

Invest/ storagecapacity ‡ [€/scm] ? 20 - 50 50 - 180 §§ 20 - 50

* Geometric volume decreases with increasing pressure; § cumulative for several tubes; ‡ estimate on basis of literature review,§§ for pressures below 500 bar; pictures from Tietze, et. al.: Near-Surface Bulk Storage of Hydrogen, 3rd ICEPE 2013, Frankfurt

Near-Surface Gas Storage Facilities

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Liquid, heterocyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon as carriers Double bindings get temporarily saturated with hydrogen Chemicals: N-ethylcarbazole, toluene and other aromatics Hydrogenation: saturation of aromatic rings with hydrogen Degradation by formation of unintended by-products

Hydrogen storage density: 6 - 8 wt% [1,2]

Transportation cost ≈ 0.2 €/kgH2

via ship (5000 km) [3] Japan seeks produce H2 in Patagonia and transport it home (distance ≈ 20,000 km)

[1] Teichmann, D. et al.: A future energy supply based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers. Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 2767-2773[2] Biniwale, R. et al.: Chemical hydrides: A solution to high capacity hydrogen storage and supply. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 2008, 33, 360-365[3] Teichmann, D. et. al.: Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers as an efficient vector for the transport and storage of renewable hydrogen.Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 2012, 27, 18118-18132

[2]

Af

Hydrogen use

Electrolysis Hydrogenation

Dehydrogenation

Transportation / StorageLOHC

LOHC + H2

H2

H2

150°C, 70 bar, PMG Catalyst

220°C 1bar, PMG Catalysts

∆hf = -53 kJ/moleH2

Data for N-ethylcarbazole from [3]

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC)

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* Refers to nominal transport capacity, peak capacity is 2 x 1200 MWel; § data from Mischner: Zur Berechnung des Druckverlaufs in Gasrohrleitungen, gwf, Jg.: 150, Nr.5, 2009; §§ Müller-Syring: Entwicklung von modularen Konzepten zur Erzeugung, Speicherung undEinspeisung von Wasserstoff und Methan ins Erdgasnetz, DVGW, 2013; ‡ estimate on basis of literature review

380 kV overhead line

Natural gas pipeline §

Hydrogen gas pipeline

Type 4 x 564/72double circuit

DN 1000pin = 90 bar

DN 1000pin = 90 bar

Energy transport capacity 1.2 GWel 16 GWth 12 GWth

Length in km 200 200 200

Investment costin M€/km ‡ 1 - 1.5 1 - 2 1.2 - 3

Power Line and Gas Pipelines Compared

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Picture of power poles from Hofman: Technologien zur Stromübertragung, IEH, http://nvonb.bundesnetzagentur.de/netzausbau/Vortrag_Hofmann.pdf

Width of protective strips70 m 57 m 48 m 10 m

Pipeline

Spatial Requirements for Transmission

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An Energy Scenario Coupling Power and Transportation

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262 GW(onshore, offshore & PV peak simultaneously

84 GWElectrolysis

80 GW Grid Load

Curtailment regime

Electrolysis regime

Power regime

37% of power curtailment sacrifices 2% of energy *

Fill power gapsw/ NG

via CC & GT

* modeled for DE based on inflated input of renewables w/ weather data of 2010

Principle of a Renewable Energy Scenario with HydrogenHydrogen as an Enabler for Renewable Energy

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KBB

Onshore Wind Power

Same number of wind mills as of end 2011 (22500 units) Repowering from Ø 1.3 MW to 7,5 MW units => Σ 167 GWAveraged nominal operating hours: 2000 p.a. 1

Photovoltaik 24,8 GW as status of 12/20113, volatitilty considered

Back-up Power

Open gas turbines; combined cycles > 700 operating hours/a Part load considered by 15% reduction on nominal efficiency

Offshore Wind Power 70 GW (potential according to BMU 20112, Fino => 4000 h)

Other Renewables

Constant as of 20104

Excess Energy

Water electrolysis ηLHV = 70 %5; > 1000 operating hoursPipeline transport + storage in salt caverns

Residential Sector 50% savings on natural gas as of 2010

Transpor-tation

Hydrogen for fuel cel cars: cruising range 14900 km/a6, consumption 1kg/100km

Scenario of the Energy System for Germany

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1966 GM

Electrovan(H2, AFC)

©GM

2001 Cold start

at -20°C (GM)

2004 Clean Energy

Partnership (D)

©Hyundai

2008

-200

9

MBB-Class F-Cell

GMHydroGen4

HondaFCX Clarity

©Honda©Daimler

©GM

Aromatic membrane-30…95 °C

Small series for demonstration projects

1994 MB NECAR 1

(H2)

©Daimler

60s 70s 80s 1990s 2000s 2010sFuel cell APUs for passenger cars, trucks, train, ships & airplanes

2002 Honda FCX-V4:

1st FCV commercially certified *

2006 HT-PEM

(Volkswagen)* First fuel-cell vehicle certified by the U.S. EPA and California Air Resources

Board (CARB) for commercial useMB: Mercedes-Benz; GM: General MotorsAll cars with PEFC except GM Electrovan with AFC

1999 Honda FCX

V1 (H2)

2012

/ 13 Hyundai ix35 FCEV1st manufact. plant

©Hyundai

2015 Toyota Mirai

2nd series prod.

©Toyota

First FCV

2001 MB NECAR 5.2,

methanol reformer

GM Chevrolet S-10 gasoline reformer

©Daimler

©GM

©Honda

First Fuel Cell Vehicles in Market Introduction Phase

Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (IEK-3) 24

Total amount of electricity produced: 745 TWh

Vertical grid load: 488 TWh

Electricity for hydrogen production: 257 TWh => 5.4 m tons H2

Hydrogen fuel for :• 28 m vehicles• 2 m light duty vehicles• 47,000 buses

Mix of vehicles according to the study GermanHyOther than in GermanHy all vehicles are FC vehicles

Power sector:• Renewable energy based• Natural gas used for furnishing undersupply

745 TWh

Installed power capacity = 3.3 x max. grid powerHarnessed electricity = 1,5 x vertical grid load

15% relative tovertical grid load

(i.e. amount of electricity needed)

Results

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Minimum H2 transmission costs as a function of H2 flow andtransport distance

Krieg, D., Konzept und Kosten eines Pipelinesystems zur Versorgung des deutschen Straßenverkehrs mit Wasserstoff, Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Energie & Umwelt 144, Jülich, 2012.

Yang, C. and J. Ogden, Determining the lowest-cost hydrogen delivery mode.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007. 32(2): p. 268-286

0 10

20

30

40

50 1008

090

70

60 100

300500

$0

$1.00

$4.00

$3.00

$2.00

Tran

spor

t Cos

t[$

/kg H

2]

Liquidvia Truck

Gasvia Pipeline

Gas via Truck

Options for Hydrogen

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Hydrogen production: 5.4 million t/a

Max power over 1000 h: 84 GW

Storage capacity required at constant discharge:0.8 m tons

9 bn scm

27 TWhLHV

Storage capacity 60 day reserve 90 TWh

Storage capacity until 2040 40 TWhregularly over weeks and months; DB research, Josef Auer, January 31, 2012 (Pumped Hydro Power in Germany: 0.04 TWhe)Existing NG-storage in Germany:

• 20.8 bn scmthereof salt dome caverns: • 8.1 bn scm (in use)• 12.9 bn scm (in planning/construction phase)Source: Sedlacek, R: Untertage-Gasspeicherung in Deutschland;

Erdöl, Erdgas, Kohle 125, Nr.11, 2009, S.412–426.

Infrastructure: Electrolysis & Large Scale Storage

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Additional gas and combined cycle power plants

Electrolyzers (84 GW)

Rock salt caverns 150 x 750,000 scm

Fueling stations (9800)

Investment in bn €

Overview of Costfor a Renewable Hydrogen Infrastructure for Transportation

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CAPEX via depreciation of investment plus interest 10 a for electrolysers and other production devices 40 a for transmission grid 20 a for distribution grid Interest rate 8 % p.a.

Other Assumptions: 5.4 million tH2/a from renewable power via electrolysis Electrolysis: η = 70 %LHV, 84 GW; investment cost 500

€/kW Methanation: η = 80 %LHV Grid fee for power transmission: 1.4 ct/kWhe [1]* Appreciable cost @ half the specific fuel consumption

[1] EWI (2010): Energiekosten in Deutschland - Entwicklungen, Ursachen und internationaler Vergleich (Projekt 43/09); Endbericht für das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie. Frontier Economics/EWI, 2010.

Hydrogen for Transportation Hydrogen or Methane to be Fed into Gas Grid W/o back-up power plants Including grid cost Curtailment of 25% of peak power; ΔW = -

2 %

Cost Comparison of Power to Gas Options – Pre-tax

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• Catalysts, particularly Ir substitute, and materials for electrolyzers• Cheaper carbon fibers or other fibers for hydrogen tanks for vehicles

high tensile strength / high Young‘s modulus• Fuel cell catalysts with low Pt-loading; e.g. core-shell structures• Gas separatrion membranes

• Bio-to-liquid & power-to-fuel processes• Power to chem: methanol production• Fine chemicals made out of CO2

Opportunities for the (Chemical) Industry

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• A fully renewable energy supply entails overcapacity in installed power and hence “excess power”

• 80% of CO2 reduction requires interconnection of the energy sectors

• Hydrogen as fuel for automotives

• Hydrogenation steps in liquid fuel production from biomass and CO2

• Conversion of excess power to hydrogen and storage thereof is feasible on the scale needed (TWh)

• Over long distances mass transportation of gas is more effective than that ofelectricity

• Fuel cell vehicles are being introduced to the market by asian automakers

• Hydrogen as an automotive fuel is cost effective other than feed-in to the gas gridor reconversion to electricity

Conclusions

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The Team

Dr. Thomas Grube

Vanessa Tietze Martin Robinius

Dr. Sebastian Schiebahn

Sebastian Luhr

Prof. Dr. Detlef Stolten Dr. Dr. Li Zhao

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Thank You for Your Attention!

d.stolten@fz-juelich.ded.stolten@fz-juelich.de