Determinants of individual growth

2 populations with different body size = an environmental effect

2 pop. in the same environment 1 pop. in 2 environments

Sorci, Clobert, Bélichon (1996) Journal of Animal Ecology 65:781-790

Determinants of individual growth Density dependence (competition)

Massot, Clobert, Pilorge, Lecomte, Barbault (1992) Ecology 73:1742-1756

Experimental density manipulation

Density Competition Yearling body size Growth

2 y. old female body size

Determinants of individual growth

Le Galliard, Massot, et al. (2006) Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19:690-704

Female growth > Male growth Yearly variation

High family resemblances in the first month of growth (genetic, prenatal or postnatal determinants)

Prenatal stress Juvenile growth

Prenatal temperature

Juvenile growth

Postnatal humidity Juvenile growth

Postnatal food Juvenile growth

Lorenzon, Clobert et al. (2001) Evolution 55: 392-404

Determinants of individual growth

Uller, Massot, et al. (2004) Evolution 58:2511-2516

Litter sex ratio may influence fitness due to hormonal interaction between foetuses

Male biased litters Growth of juvenile females

Body size of females at maturity

Determinants of individual growth characteristics at birth

Clobert, Oppliger, Sorci, Ernande, Swallow, Garland (2000) Functional Ecology 14:675-684

Determinants of individual growth

Compensatory processes (negative feedbacks)

Growth Body size Growth Fecundity Trade-off

Growth

Upper limit to body size

Growth

Competition

Ontogeny and age structure

Fitze, Le Galliard (2005) Ecology Letters 11:432-439 Pilorge, Castanet (1981) Acta Oecologica - Oecologia Generalis 2:3-16

Size distribution influenced by age distribution and population sex ratio

Maternal age effect

Maternal age effect dependent on sex, habitat and maternal body size !

Meylan,Clobert, Montes, Haussy, Cubo, Massot (en préparation)

Juve

nile

sur

viva

l rat

e

Juvenile body size

Mugabo, Marquis, Le Galliard (en preparation)

Size-dependent mortality

Size-dependent dispersal

Cote, Clobert, Fitze (2007) PNAS 104:9703-9708

Size-dependent dispersal with mother-offspring competition

Cote, Clobert(2007) Ecology Letters 10:411-417

Le Galliard, Ferrière, et al. (2005) Journal of Animal Ecology 74:241-249

Size-dependent dispersal

Higher growth rate in juveniles colonizing empty patches

Interaction with other species

Pilorge (1982) Amphibia-Reptilia 3:27-31

Overlap in prey size with a common frog

Growth Competition with a frog

Interaction with other species

Sorci, Clobert (1995) Journal of Evolutionary Biology 8:711-723

Ectoparasites on the mother => Maternal effect on growth of offspring females

Interaction with abiotic factors

Lorenzon, Clobert, Oppliger, John-Alder (1999) Oecologia 118:423-430

Humidity Activity Body size Growth

Effects of Body size

in the Common lizard

Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances

Eizaguirre, Laloi et al. (2007) Proceeding of the Royal Society B 274:425-430 Massot, Clobert, Pilorge, Lecomte, Barbault (1992) Ecology 73:1742-1756 Pilorge (1987) Herpetologica 43:345-356 Pilorge, Xavier, Barbault (1983) Holarctic Ecology 6:381-386

Body size Litter size A classical fitness

advantage in reptiles

Stronger relationship in older females Meylan,Clobert, Montes, Haussy, Cubo, Massot (en préparation)

Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances

Body size Age at maturity Another classical fitness

advantage in reptiles

Massot (unpublished data)

Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances

Reproductive failures more frequent in the longest monoandrous females

Reproductive system 2-5 fathers within litters

in approximately 50% of females

Eizaguirre, Laloi et al. (2007) Proceeding of the Royal Society B 274:425-430

Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances

Meylan, Clobert (2004) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77:450-458

Sorci, Clobert (1997) Evolutionary Ecology 11:531-541

but relationship sensitive to juvenile sex, maternal feeding

and year

Effects on intraspecific relationships Allometry of individual performances

Le Galliard, Ferrière (2008) Evolutionary Ecology Research 10:157-176 Le Galliard, Clobert et al. (2004) Nature 432:502-505

Body size Endurance Survival But mainly in small individuals

Mugabo, Marquis, Le Galliard (en preparation)

Positive relationship between juvenile size

and endurance

Effects on intraspecific relationships Maternal effects / individual performances

Sorci, Swallow, Garland, Clobert (1995) Physiological Zoology 68:698-720 Le Galliard, Clobert, et al. (2004) Nature 432:502-505

•  Juvenile endurance negatively correlated with maternal body size

Meylan, Clobert (2004) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77:450-458 •  Juvenile endurance not correlated with maternal body size

Maternal influence dependent on year or/and population

Effects on intraspecific relationships Maternal effects / individual performances

Belliure, Meylan, Clobert (2004) Journal of Experimental Zoology 301A:401-410

Maternal stress Juvenile basking

Only in large mother Body size =

conditional variable

Effects on intraspecific relationships Maternal effects / individual performances

de Fraipont, Clobert, Alder (2000) Journal of Animal Ecology 69:404-413

Maternal stress Juvenile activity

Only in small mother Body size =

conditional variable

Effects on other species

Pilorge (1982) Amphibia-Reptilia 3:27-31 Massot, Clobert (unpublished data)

Overlap in prey size with a common frog

Body size Prey size Competition with a frog

Climate change & Body size

in the Common lizard

Climate warming in the study area (daily maximum temperatures)

Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402 Massot, Clobert, Ferrière (2008) Global Change Biology 14:461-469

Independent temperatures during the study period

Warming in 4 of the 6 months of the activity season :

August r=0.49 P=0.0082 (without the heatwave 2003)

June r=0.53 P=0.0033

May r=0.59 P=0.0007

April r=0.38 P=0.0410

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

August

June

May

April

Significant warming only in June during the study period (other months cannot explain observed trends)

Effects of climate warming from individual to metapopulation

relations between populations

dynamics, composition

Individual traits, fitness, dispersal

phenology behaviour

Climate warming

physiology Individual

Population

evolution

Integrative approach

Laying date

Body size

Litter size

Survival

Dorsal morphs

Dispersal relations between populations

dynamics, composition

Individual traits, fitness, dispersal

phenology behaviour

Climate warming

physiology Individual

Population

evolution

Integrative approach

Body size

a key parameter

relations between populations

dynamics, composition

Individual traits, fitness, dispersal

phenology behaviour

Climate warming

physiology Individual

Population

evolution

Body size

Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402

Body size P<0,0001 for each study sites

+ 28 % in yearlings !

until mid-90s

Positive relationships between body size in yearlings and

temperature in June / August

Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402

Climate warming still moderate =

a series of ‘good activity seasons’ / usual temperature variations

Expectation of a decrease in body size with a stronger climate warming

perf

orm

ance

temperature

Tpreferendum Tp

Ts Tstress

Tlethal Tl

Body size

Litter size in 3 sites (P<0,0001)

Relationship between Litter size and Body size …

Litter size in 1 site (P=0,047)

Chamaillé-Jammes, Massot, Aragon, Clobert (2006) Global Change Biology 12:392-402

Climate warming still moderate =

a series of ‘good activity seasons’ / usual temperature variations

Expectation of a decrease in litter size with a stronger climate warming (CHA ?)

perf

orm

ance

temperature

Tpreferendum Tp

Ts Tstress

Tlethal Tl

Litter size

Marquis, Massot, Le Galliard (2008) Ecology 89:2575-2583

Cohort effects

We found effects of rainfall, but not of temperature

Climate conditions may have delayed life history effects (Stenseth et al. 2002 Science 297:1292-1296)

Perf

orm

ance

t t+1 t+2 année

Intergenerational effects on reproductive performances ? (litter size, offspring size, survival)

time

Marquis, Massot, Le Galliard (2008) Ecology 89:2575-2583

Cohort effects

Rainfall during gestation

Offspring body size

Offspring survival (independently of offspring body size)

- +

Offspring fecundity

- F1

Offspring body size (independently of fecundity)

+ F2

Complexity…

Important messages …

Body size is a key parameter !  Body size = target variable

"  Effects from other individuals, other populations, others species, abiotic factors

!  Body size = conditional variable "  Allometric relationships mediate a large number of individual and

population processes

!  Body size = influential variable "  Effects on other individuals, other populations, others species,

abiotic factors ___________________________________

!  Many relationships with body size ! "  Ignore body size in an investigation/study/analysis is dangerous …

"  Body size = Integrative parameter of individual quality/history and population functioning

!  Impacts of Climate change "  Dramatic change of body size in populations

"  Consequence on fecundity

"  Delayed effects (until a grand-maternal effect on body size !)

!  Cascade effects …

Body size is a key parameter

Dispersal

Sex-ratio

Fecundity Warming Body size

Age at maturity

Sexual harassment

Population regulation Metapopulation persistence Colonising ability

Female mortality Litter size Population

vortex

Density dependence