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LUND UNIVERSITY
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Denationalized States and Global Assemblages
Sassen, Saskia; Wennerhag, Magnus
Published in:Pavilion
2007
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):Sassen, S., & Wennerhag, M. (2007). Denationalized States and Global Assemblages. Pavilion, (10-11), 68-77.
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[68]
[69]
the
othe
r ha
nd, a
dec
ay o
f the
stru
ctur
alco
nditi
ons
with
in w
hich
Key
nesi
an li
ber-
alis
m
coul
d fu
nctio
n.
So
the
stru
ggle
toda
y ha
s be
en re
nam
ed: o
ne k
ey te
rm is
dem
ocra
tic p
artic
ipat
ion
and
repr
esen
ta-
tion,
and
thos
e w
ho u
se th
is la
ngua
ge w
illra
rely
invo
ke li
bera
lism
. Whe
n w
e pr
aise
liber
alis
m,
it is
ofte
n a
situ
ated
def
ense
:as
aga
inst
neo
liber
alis
m, a
s ag
ains
t fun
-da
men
talis
ms
and
desp
otis
ms
– t
his
isno
t nec
essa
rily
invo
king
his
toric
al li
bera
l-is
m,
whi
ch a
t its
orig
ins
was
def
endi
ngth
e rig
hts
of a
n em
ergi
ng c
lass
of p
rope
r-ty
ow
ners
, but
the
best
asp
ects
of a
doc
-tri
ne th
at h
ad to
do
with
the
fight
aga
inst
the
desp
otis
m o
f Cro
wn
and
nobi
lity.
MW
: In
you
r ne
w b
ook,
1 yo
u ca
ll th
ede
velo
pmen
t of t
he U
S s
tate
"illib
eral
". Is
this
a m
ore
gene
ral d
evel
opm
ent t
hat c
anbe
see
n in
oth
er c
ount
ries
as w
ell?
SS
: Th
eore
tical
ly s
peak
ing,
I w
ould
say
that
we
will
see
sim
ilar t
rend
s in
oth
er li
b-er
al d
emoc
ratic
regi
mes
that
are
neo
-lib-
eral
izin
g th
eir
soci
al p
olic
ies,
hol
low
ing
out
thei
r le
gisl
atur
es/p
arlia
men
ts,
and
augm
entin
g as
wel
l as
priv
atiz
ing
or p
ro-
tect
ing
the
pow
er o
f th
eir
exec
utiv
e or
prim
e m
inis
teria
l bra
nch
of g
over
nmen
t.Th
at is
to
say,
we
will
see
thes
e tre
nds
whe
re w
e se
e th
e co
nditi
ons
I ide
ntify
for
the
US
, ev
en t
houg
h th
ey w
ill as
sum
eth
eir
own
spec
ific
form
s an
d co
nten
ts.
Iw
ould
say
tha
t B
lair'
s re
ign
in t
he U
Kes
peci
ally
si
nce
the
war
on
Ira
q ha
scl
early
mov
ed in
this
dire
ctio
n. In
stea
d of
bein
g gu
ided
(an
d di
scip
lined
!) by
the
Cab
inet
, whi
ch is
par
liam
ent b
ased
, Bla
irse
t up
a p
aral
lel
"cab
inet
" at
Dow
ning
Stre
et f
rom
whi
ch h
e go
t m
uch
of h
isad
vice
and
con
firm
atio
ns o
f th
e co
rrect
-ne
ss o
f his
dec
isio
ns. T
his
had
the
effe
ctof
hol
low
ing
out
the
real
Cab
inet
. Th
is
may
als
o ex
plai
n w
hy s
ome
of th
e le
ad-
ing
figur
es o
f th
e re
al C
abin
et r
esig
ned:
Rob
in C
ook,
Cla
re S
hort.
All
of th
is is
wel
lkn
own
and
muc
h co
mm
ente
d on
in t
heU
K. A
t the
sam
e tim
e, I
wou
ld a
rgue
that
even
th
ough
B
erlu
scon
i's
regi
me
had
som
e of
the
se f
eatu
res,
it
was
mor
e a
cons
eque
nce
of c
orru
ptio
n an
d m
anip
u-la
tion
of t
he p
oliti
cal a
ppar
atus
tha
n th
ety
pe o
f sys
tem
ic d
evel
opm
ent I
am
allu
d-in
g to
. Th
e an
swer
to
your
que
stio
n is
also
em
piric
al:
we
need
re
sear
ch
toun
ders
tand
whe
re t
his
syst
emic
tre
nd is
emer
ging
an
d be
com
ing
visi
ble/
oper
a-tio
nal.
MW
: M
any
Eur
opea
n co
untri
es a
re c
ur-
rent
ly
cont
empl
atin
g in
trodu
cing
so
me
type
of "
citiz
ensh
ip te
sts"
. In
Sw
eden
, the
tradi
tiona
lly s
ocia
l lib
eral
Fol
kpar
tiet
has
purs
ued
this
iss
ue a
nd p
ropo
sed
that
imm
igra
nts
have
to p
ass
a la
ngua
ge te
stto
bec
ome
Sw
edis
h ci
tizen
s. G
ener
ally,
the
party
wan
ts to
app
ly m
ore
pate
rnal
is-
tic p
oliti
cal m
easu
res
– "t
ough
on
crim
e",
mor
e di
scip
line
in s
choo
ls –
esp
ecia
llyre
gard
ing
imm
igra
nts.
The
cor
resp
ondi
ngpo
litic
al p
arty
in D
enm
ark
has,
dur
ing
itstim
e in
offi
ce,
brou
ght
this
dev
elop
men
tev
en fu
rther
. Spe
akin
g of
libe
ralis
m a
s a
polit
ical
ideo
logy
, do
you
see
it as
bei
ngin
the
mid
st o
f a
cris
is,
or i
s it
sim
ply
adap
ting
to th
e co
nditi
ons
of th
e pr
evai
l-in
g (e
cono
mic
, pol
itica
l, le
gal,
etc)
ord
er?
SS
: I w
ould
say
trad
ition
al li
bera
lism
is in
cris
is,
or a
t le
ast
bein
g at
tack
ed b
y th
ego
vern
men
ts t
hem
selv
es a
s w
ell
as b
ypo
wer
ful e
cono
mic
act
ors
and
certa
in tr
a-di
tiona
l so
ciet
y se
ctor
s, s
uch
as f
unda
-m
enta
list
evan
gelic
al g
roup
s in
the
US
.W
hy s
houl
d it
last
fore
ver?
Not
hing
has
–ex
cept
the
Cat
holic
Chu
rch,
I gu
ess.
But
to d
o so
it h
as h
ad to
rein
vent
itse
lf re
gu-
Mag
nus
Wen
nerh
ag:
Toda
y, t
here
is a
nob
viou
s di
ffere
nce
betw
een
the
rhet
oric
of li
bera
lism
– th
at is
, lib
eral
ism
as
polit
i-ca
l ide
olog
y –
and
the
actu
al w
orki
ngs
ofth
e st
ate
in l
iber
al-d
emoc
ratic
pol
ities
.Fr
om
an
hist
oric
al
pers
pect
ive,
ho
wsh
ould
we
unde
rsta
nd th
is d
iffer
ence
?
Sas
kia
Sas
sen:
I w
ould
dis
tingu
ish
two
issu
es. O
ne is
that
his
toric
ally,
libe
ralis
mis
dee
ply
grou
nded
in a
par
ticul
ar c
ombi
-na
tion
of c
ircum
stan
ces.
Mos
t im
porta
ntis
the
stru
ggle
by
mer
chan
ts a
nd m
anu-
fact
urer
s to
gai
n lib
ertie
s vi
s-à-
vis
the
Cro
wn
and
the
aris
tocr
acy,
and
the
use
ofth
e m
arke
t as
the
inst
itutio
nal s
ettin
g th
atbo
th g
ave
forc
e an
d le
gitim
acy
to t
hat
clai
m. S
een
this
way
, why
sho
uld
liber
al-
ism
not
hav
e de
caye
d? W
hat r
escu
ed li
b-er
alis
m w
as K
eyne
sian
ism
, the
ext
ensi
onof
a s
ocia
lly e
mpo
wer
ing
proj
ect
to t
hew
hole
of s
ocie
ty. T
his
is th
e cr
isis
toda
y:K
eyne
sian
ism
has
bee
n at
tack
ed b
y ne
wty
pes
of a
ctor
s, in
clud
ing
segm
ents
of t
hepo
litic
al e
lite.
Wha
t is
happ
enin
g to
day
ison
the
one
han
d a
deca
y (o
bjec
tivel
ysp
eaki
ng) o
f lib
eral
ism
eve
n as
an
ideo
l-og
y –
bei
ng re
plac
ed w
ith n
eolib
eral
ism
,at
tack
s on
the
wel
fare
sta
te, e
tc –
and
, on
Den
atio
naliz
ed S
tate
s an
d G
loba
l A
ssem
blag
es
Mag
nus
Wen
nerh
ag in
dia
logu
e w
ith S
aski
a S
asse
n
[70]larly
. Thi
s do
es n
ot m
ean
that
the
aspi
ra-
tion
of d
emoc
ratic
par
ticip
ator
y po
litic
alsy
stem
s is
goi
ng u
nder
. On
the
cont
rary
.B
ut it
s hi
stor
ical
libe
ral f
orm
is s
tress
ed.
Per
haps
the
real
que
stio
n is
whe
ther
the
stat
e in
cou
ntrie
s su
ch a
s th
e U
S is
libe
r-al
, or e
ver w
as li
bera
l. It
may
hav
e im
ple-
men
ted
liber
al p
olic
ies,
and
the
leg
isla
-tu
re a
t va
rious
tim
es d
id e
mbe
d lib
eral
norm
s in
the
sta
te a
ppar
atus
. B
ut t
hese
did
not
alw
ays
last
. To
day
we
are
wit-
ness
ing
yet
anot
her
set
of b
reak
dow
ns.
As
for t
he is
sues
aro
und
imm
igra
tion
you
men
tion,
they
are
als
o ha
ppen
ing
in th
eU
S, w
here
ther
e w
as e
ven
a pr
opos
al to
mak
e un
docu
men
ted
imm
igra
tion
into
acr
imin
al a
ct a
nd s
tatu
s. T
his
is n
ew.
MW
: Aro
und
the
turn
of t
he la
st c
entu
ry,
the
disc
over
y of
the
"so
cial
que
stio
n"(a
nd th
e ris
e of
the
wor
kers
'mov
emen
t)tra
nsfo
rmed
pol
itics
in a
pro
foun
d w
ay. I
tch
ange
d th
e lib
eral
not
ion
of "
citiz
en-
ship
", w
hich
be
cam
e m
ore
incl
usiv
e,m
akin
g sp
ace
for
prev
ious
ly e
xclu
ded
soci
al c
lass
es a
nd p
oliti
cal s
ubje
ctiv
ities
.N
ew m
odel
s fo
r med
iatin
g so
cial
con
flict
svi
a th
e st
ate
wer
e cr
eate
d. F
rom
this
per
-sp
ectiv
e, h
ow c
an th
e ha
ndlin
g of
toda
y's
"soc
ial
ques
tion"
– t
he g
roup
s th
at a
rem
argi
nal o
r exc
lude
d in
toda
y's
econ
om-
ic c
ircui
ts a
nd t
he p
oliti
cal
subj
ectiv
ities
that
this
giv
es b
irth
to –
be
inte
rpre
ted?
SS
: Thi
s is
a c
ritic
al a
rena
. It i
s an
issu
ew
hich
ill
umin
ates
lik
e fe
w
othe
rs
the
deca
ying
cap
acity
of
the
liber
al s
tate
to
hand
le t
he s
ocia
l qu
estio
n –
giv
en t
hety
pe o
f lib
eral
ism
tha
t ha
s ev
olve
d ov
erth
e la
st tw
enty
to th
irty
year
s an
d th
e co
n-te
xt
with
in
whi
ch
toda
y's
liber
al
stat
eop
erat
es.
In m
y ne
w b
ook,
I ar
gue
that
the
form
al
polit
ical
sys
tem
acc
omm
odat
es le
ss a
ndle
ss o
f the
pol
itica
l tod
ay. H
ence
info
rmal
form
s an
d sp
aces
of t
he p
oliti
cal b
ecom
ein
crea
sing
ly im
porta
nt to
day.
Mos
t fam
il-ia
r is
pro
babl
y th
e w
hole
ran
ge o
f stre
etpo
litic
s.
You
can
dem
onst
rate
ag
ains
tpo
lice
brut
ality
eve
n if
you
are
an u
ndoc
-um
ente
d im
mig
rant
or
a to
uris
t vis
iting
afri
end.
I am
par
ticul
arly
inte
rest
ed in
how
cultu
ral
even
ts c
an b
ecom
e po
litic
al a
tpa
rticu
lar t
imes
and
pla
ces.
Thu
s th
e ci
r-cu
s (s
treet
circ
us) h
as b
ecom
e a
polit
ical
form
toda
y, a
s ha
ve p
arad
es s
uch
as th
eA
fro-C
arib
bean
par
ades
in
Lond
on a
ndN
ew Y
ork,
or t
he g
ay p
arad
es in
a g
row
-in
g nu
mbe
r of
citi
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
.W
hen
the
Mad
res
de la
Pla
za d
e M
ayo
stoo
d in
fro
nt o
f th
e ho
uses
of
pow
er in
Bue
nos
Aire
s du
ring
the
dict
ator
ship
prot
estin
g th
e di
sapp
eara
nce
of
thei
rso
ns a
nd d
augh
ters
, the
y w
ere
ther
e as
mot
hers
, no
t as
for
mal
citi
zens
. A
nd i
nth
at s
ense
the
y w
ere
info
rmal
pol
itica
lac
tors
, bec
ause
the
lega
l per
sona
of t
he"m
othe
r" is
priv
ate,
not
that
of a
pol
itica
lac
tor.
I th
ink
it w
as p
reci
sely
the
ir be
ing
ther
e as
mot
hers
tha
t pr
otec
ted
them
,be
caus
e as
citi
zens
the
y w
ould
hav
ebe
en v
iola
ting
the
cont
ract
bet
wee
n th
eci
tizen
and
the
sta
te,
and
they
wou
ldpr
obab
ly h
ave
been
jaile
d.
Impo
rtant
to
my
anal
ysis
are
tw
o ot
her
poin
ts.
One
is
the
role
of
spac
e. T
here
are
kind
s of
spa
ces
that
are
par
ticul
arly
enab
ling,
and
I t
hink
larg
e m
essy
citi
es,
espe
cial
ly g
loba
l citi
es, a
re s
uch
spac
es.
Sec
ondl
y, I
argu
e th
at to
day
the
mul
tina-
tiona
l cor
pora
tion,
whi
ch is
a p
rivat
e le
gal
pers
ona,
als
o fu
nctio
ns a
s an
inf
orm
alpo
litic
al a
ctor
at a
tim
e w
hen
the
glob
aliz
-in
g of
the
econ
omy
requ
ires
that
nat
iona
lst
ates
cha
nge
som
e of
thei
r key
law
s an
d[71]
regu
latio
ns s
o th
at th
ere
is a
glo
bal s
pace
for
the
oper
atio
ns o
f th
ese
firm
s. T
hey
have
and
con
tinue
to p
ut a
lot o
f pre
ssur
eon
gov
ernm
ents
to
do w
hat
they
wan
tdo
ne.
Yes,
th
ey
are
info
rmal
po
litic
alac
tors
. I s
houl
d sa
y, o
n a
mor
e th
eore
ti-ca
l not
e, th
at th
is p
oint
s to
som
ethi
ng th
atha
s lo
ng b
een
criti
cal
in m
y w
ork:
the
mul
tival
ence
of
man
y of
the
em
erge
ntso
cial
for
ms
– t
hese
new
soc
ial
form
sca
n in
corp
orat
e w
hat
we
mig
ht c
all
the
good
and
the
bad
guys
.
MW
: You
men
tion
som
e of
the
subj
ectiv
i-tie
s at
wor
k to
day
in w
hat y
ou in
terp
ret a
sne
w p
oliti
cal s
pace
s. D
o w
e al
so h
ave
toin
vent
new
for
ms
of r
ight
s th
at i
nclu
deth
ose
on th
e ou
tsid
e?
SS
: Thi
s br
ings
up
a cr
itica
l dyn
amic
, but
one
that
is e
lusi
ve a
nd o
ften
obsc
ured
by
the
hatre
ds a
nd p
assi
ons
of a
per
iod.
Som
e of
the
bes
t so
cial
and
civ
ic r
ight
sw
e ha
ve a
chie
ved
in W
este
rn s
ocie
ties
have
com
e ou
t of
the
stru
ggle
s fo
r an
dag
ains
t in
clus
ion
of t
he d
isad
vant
aged
,or
the
dis
crim
inat
ed,
or t
he o
utsi
ders
.Th
e st
rugg
les
by w
omen
for t
he v
ote
are
an e
xam
ple,
as
are
the
stru
ggle
s of
any
min
oriti
zed
citiz
en –
bla
ck in
the
US,
for
inst
ance
. S
o w
ere
the
stru
ggle
s by
med
ieva
l m
erch
ants
who
fou
ght
for
the
right
to
prot
ect
thei
r pr
oper
ty f
rom
the
abus
es o
f the
kin
g, n
obilit
y, a
nd C
hurc
h.W
hen
you
look
at t
he h
isto
ry o
f im
mig
ra-
tion
in w
este
rn E
urop
e (m
uch
mor
e so
than
in
the
US
), yo
u ca
n se
e ho
w t
hest
rugg
les
to i
nclu
de t
he o
utsi
der
thic
k-en
ed t
he c
ivic
fab
ric.
In t
he E
urop
ean
cont
ext,
whe
re t
he c
ivic
mat
ters
, in
clud
-in
g th
e ou
tsid
er h
as a
lway
s be
en a
big
deal
. In
con
trast
, in
the
US
with
its
lais
-se
z-fa
ire s
tanc
e, t
he n
otio
n w
as m
ore:
You
wan
t to
com
e in
? Fi
ne. B
ut y
ou a
re
on y
our
own.
Thi
s is
cle
arly
a s
impl
ifica
-tio
n, g
iven
the
raci
sms
that
hav
e pr
olife
r-at
ed in
the
US
, sta
rting
with
the
raci
aliz
-in
g of
the
Iris
h. B
ut in
Eur
ope,
incl
udin
gth
e ou
tsid
er h
as m
eant
acc
ess
to p
ublic
heal
th a
nd o
ther
pub
lic s
ervi
ces,
a r
ea-
sona
ble
sens
e of
inte
grat
ion.
Thi
s is
, of
cour
se,
also
an
exag
gera
tion,
but
stil
lth
at is
the
orie
ntat
ion.
The
out
com
e w
asth
at E
urop
ean
coun
tries
had
to
inve
ntne
w a
dmin
istra
tive
inst
rum
ents
and
ofte
nne
w le
gal s
tatu
tes
to h
andl
e th
ese
mat
-te
rs. B
ut th
is w
as to
the
bene
fit o
f all,
as
it st
reng
then
ed th
e rig
ht to
pub
lic g
oods
.W
e ha
ve n
ot h
ad t
his
type
of
deve
lop-
men
t in
the
US
. Thi
s w
as c
lear
ly a
com
-pl
ex h
isto
ry, b
ut I
thin
k th
ese
cont
rast
ing
alig
nmen
ts a
re p
rese
nt in
the
traje
ctor
ies
of th
e U
S a
nd w
este
rn E
urop
e.
This
was
har
d w
ork.
In m
y w
ork
I em
pha-
size
tha
t th
ese
type
s of
stru
ggle
s fo
rin
clus
ion
and
for
the
prod
uctio
n of
new
adm
inis
trativ
e in
stru
men
ts a
nd n
ew ty
pes
of r
ight
s by
law
took
wor
k, to
ok m
akin
g.To
day
we
seem
to h
ave
a co
nsum
er a
tti-
tude
to
th
ese
diffi
cult
times
, su
ch
asto
day'
s an
ti-im
mig
rant
pol
itics
. If t
here
isno
rea
dy-m
ade
solu
tion
lyin
g on
a s
helf,
ther
e m
ust b
e no
sol
utio
n. W
e ha
ve lo
stth
e hi
stor
ical
sen
se o
f "m
akin
g".
This
pol
itica
l wor
k w
as o
ften
the
wor
k of
min
oriti
es i
n th
eir
stru
ggle
s fo
r re
cogn
i-tio
n an
d in
clus
ion.
But
it ty
pica
lly in
volv
edso
me
dedi
cate
d gr
oups
, po
litic
ians
,ac
tivis
ts o
f a
coun
try's
maj
oriti
es w
hobe
lieve
d in
the
nee
d fo
r in
clud
ing
rath
erth
an e
xclu
ding
. Aga
in, s
ome
of o
ur b
est
right
s ha
ve c
ome
out
of t
his
hist
ory
ofst
rugg
les
by
the
disa
dvan
tage
d an
dth
ose
hold
ing
polit
ical
ide
als
that
mad
eth
em m
argi
nal,
no m
atte
r ho
w m
uch
apa
rt of
the
dom
inan
t so
ciet
y th
ey m
ay
[72]ha
ve b
een.
I lik
e to
em
phas
ize
that
thes
est
rugg
les
cont
aine
d th
e w
ork
of m
akin
grig
hts
– in
fact
, ofte
n m
akin
g ne
w r
ight
s.Th
is w
as n
ot o
nly
abou
t ask
ing
for i
nclu
-si
on u
nder
exi
stin
g rig
hts
or a
skin
g fo
r a
bigg
er s
hare
of
the
gove
rnm
ent's
pie
.In
clud
ing
the
outs
ider
m
eant
"m
akin
gne
w"
right
s, e
spec
ially
civ
ic a
nd s
ocia
l.Th
is is
a lo
ng h
isto
ry in
wha
t was
larg
ely
a E
urop
e of
citi
es.
Toda
y th
e la
ndsc
ape
is c
onfu
sing
– c
on-
fusi
ng in
the
sens
e th
at it
doe
s no
t mak
evi
sibl
e al
l th
e el
emen
ts,
and
in
that
sens
e, h
erm
etic
. We
need
to d
etec
t wha
tst
rugg
les
and
deba
tes
toda
y si
gnal
the
poss
ibilit
y of
the
mak
ing
of n
ew r
ight
s.H
ere
I do
find
that
the
ques
tion
of im
mi-
grat
ion,
but
als
o th
at o
f ra
cial
ized
citi
-ze
ns, o
f gay
s an
d le
sbia
ns a
nd q
ueer
s, o
fpo
litic
al d
isse
nter
s at
a ti
me
of e
xcep
tion-
al p
ower
s gr
ante
d to
sta
tes
– r
eally
the
exec
utiv
e br
anch
of s
tate
s –
are
the
ones
that
can
mat
eria
lize
the
mak
ing
of n
ewrig
hts.
MW
: The
idea
of t
he p
rivat
e sp
here
– th
eho
me
as w
ell a
s th
e m
arke
t – h
as fo
r lon
gbe
en th
e ta
rget
of c
ritic
ism
, fro
m p
rogr
es-
sive
the
oris
ts a
s w
ell
as s
ocia
l m
ove-
men
ts, f
or v
eilin
g an
d le
gitim
izin
g as
ym-
met
ries
of p
ower
and
inju
stic
es.
Are
we
toda
y, b
ecau
se o
f the
mor
e fre
quen
t vio
-la
tions
of p
erso
nal i
nteg
rity
(sur
veilla
nce,
"mor
al p
oliti
cs",
etc)
, con
front
ing
a si
tua-
tion
whe
re a
diff
eren
t priv
ate
sphe
re m
ust
be c
onst
ruct
ed,
rath
er t
han
cont
inui
ngth
e cr
itici
sm o
f the
pub
lic-p
rivat
e di
vide
?O
r do
you
see
new
pos
sibi
litie
s co
min
gou
t of t
he w
ither
ing
away
of o
ld d
ivid
ing
lines
bet
wee
n th
e pr
ivat
e an
d th
e pu
blic
?
SS
: Th
is i
s a
com
plex
iss
ue a
nd o
ne I
spen
t qui
te a
bit
of ti
me
teas
ing
out i
n th
e
book
. Yes
, the
div
isio
n as
his
toric
ally
con
-st
ruct
ed is
und
er s
tress
. And
it is
not
just
beca
use
of s
urve
illanc
e te
chno
logi
es a
ndth
e er
osio
n of
priv
acy
right
s. N
or c
an th
ecu
rrent
cha
nge
be e
xpla
ined
by
the
fact
that
the
pers
onal
is p
oliti
cal a
nd th
e si
tefo
r mul
tiple
asy
mm
etrie
s. A
ll of
thes
e cr
it-ic
al a
spec
ts a
re p
art o
f the
pic
ture
, but
inon
e w
ay o
r ano
ther
they
hav
e be
en th
ere
for a
long
tim
e.
Wha
t is
diffe
rent
, or
spec
ific
to th
e cu
r-re
nt tr
ansf
orm
atio
n? A
t the
dee
pest
leve
l,I a
rgue
, it h
as to
do
with
a c
hang
ing
logi
cor
gani
zing
the
div
isio
n of
priv
ate/
publ
ic.
In it
s hi
stor
ical
orig
ins,
this
div
isio
n w
as a
wor
king
div
isio
n: th
ere
wer
e sp
ecifi
c ai
ms
havi
ng to
do
with
allo
win
g th
e ex
pans
ion
of m
arke
ts, c
onte
stin
g ab
solu
tist p
ower
sof
the
Cro
wn,
and
so
on.
My
ques
tion
is:
wha
t is
the
log
ic t
hat
unde
rlies
toda
y's
chan
ges.
It is
impo
ssi-
ble
to d
o ju
stic
e to
the
subj
ect,
but h
ere
are
som
e el
emen
ts o
f m
y an
swer
. Fi
rst,
the
priv
atiz
ing
of e
xecu
tive
pow
er b
rings
with
it
a fu
ndam
enta
l in
vers
ion
of t
hest
ate/
citiz
en (
publ
ic/p
rivat
e) r
elat
ions
hip.
The
exec
utiv
e is
less
and
less
acc
ount
-ab
le
and
citiz
ens'
priv
acy
right
s ar
ein
crea
sing
ly p
erfo
rate
d. S
econ
dly,
the
sepe
rfora
ted
priv
acy
right
s ar
e bu
t on
ein
stan
ce o
f de
terio
ratin
g rig
hts
for
citi-
zens
(th
e m
ost
fam
iliar
bein
g de
terio
rat-
ing
soci
al ri
ghts
).
Third
, a g
reat
stre
ngth
enin
g of
the
mar
-ke
t sp
here
, bu
t w
ith a
n iro
nic
twis
t: a
grea
ter
auto
nom
y th
at a
llow
s po
wer
ful
econ
omic
act
ors,
not
ably
glo
bal f
irms,
toac
t as
info
rmal
pol
itica
l age
nts.
Thi
s th
enm
oves
into
my
anal
ysis
abo
ut th
e de
na-
tiona
lizin
g, p
artia
l an
d sp
ecia
lized
, th
atth
ese
firm
s ca
n br
ing
abou
t in
the
polic
ies
[73]
of n
atio
n-st
ates
– t
hey
get
reor
ient
ed,
away
fro
m h
isto
rical
ly d
efin
ed n
atio
nal
aim
s to
war
ds d
enat
iona
lized
glo
bal a
ims.
And
the
lat
ter
hold
s pa
rticu
larly
for
the
exec
utiv
e br
anch
. Th
ere
are
seve
ral
othe
r iss
ues
that
I de
velo
p, in
clud
ing
the
grow
ing
use
of e
cono
mic
cor
pora
te la
w in
shap
ing
mar
ket
dyna
mic
s. M
arke
ts a
reno
t na
tura
l co
nditi
ons;
the
y ar
e cr
eate
din
stitu
tions
. A
nd t
oday
the
y ar
e be
ing
mad
e in
par
ticul
ar w
ays.
MW
: Wha
t are
the
impl
icat
ions
of a
mor
ew
ides
prea
d us
e of
priv
ate
"lega
l" te
ch-
niqu
es,
priv
ate
inst
itutio
ns (
priv
ate
arbi
-tra
tion
cour
ts, e
tc),
and
priv
ate
crea
tion
ofno
rms,
– in
gen
eral
, an
incr
ease
in t
hepo
wer
of p
rivat
e in
stitu
tions
– s
een
from
the
pers
pect
ive
of f
unda
men
tal
liber
al-
dem
ocra
tic
valu
es
and
rega
rdin
g th
epo
ssib
ilitie
s fo
r dem
ocra
tic g
over
nanc
e?
SS
: Tw
o ou
tcom
es. O
ne is
that
the
cen-
tripe
tal p
ower
at t
he h
eart
of th
e hi
stor
icpr
ojec
t of
the
nat
ion-
stat
e be
gins
to
dis-
asse
mbl
e, p
artly
. Th
e ce
ntre
no
long
erho
lds
the
way
it u
sed
to –
thou
gh th
is w
asne
ver
abso
lute
, al
way
s im
perfe
ct,
and
with
muc
h le
akag
e. T
he r
esul
t has
bee
na
deca
y in
the
nor
mat
ive
fram
ings
, ba
l-an
ces
betw
een
pow
er a
nd v
ulne
rabi
lity,
and
othe
r goo
d fe
atur
es o
f lib
eral
dem
oc-
racy
. S
o w
e m
ay s
till h
ave
the
syst
ems,
the
inst
itutio
ns,
of t
hat
dem
ocra
cy b
utth
ey m
ean
less
and
less
. Thu
s in
the
US
we
still
vote
, bu
t it
mea
ns le
ss.
Firs
t w
eha
d th
e ra
pidl
y fa
lling
rate
s of
par
ticip
a-tio
n in
vot
ing,
now
dow
n to
wel
l und
er h
alf
of t
he v
otin
g po
pula
tion.
And
the
Bus
hA
dmin
istra
tion
brou
ght w
ith it
yet
ano
ther
phas
e of
dec
ay: a
con
test
ed e
lect
ion
that
had
to b
e de
cide
d by
fiat
by
the
Sup
rem
eC
ourt.
It
also
rev
eale
d th
at t
he v
otin
gm
achi
nes
of p
oor
blac
k ar
eas
wer
e so
defe
ctiv
e th
at m
any
of t
heir
vote
s w
ere
not c
ount
ed, i
nclu
ding
in p
ast e
lect
ions
.
In m
y re
adin
g, t
he in
tern
al t
rans
form
a-tio
n of
the
stat
e ap
para
tus
– g
row
ing
dis-
tanc
e an
d as
ymm
etry
bet
wee
n th
e po
wer
of t
he e
xecu
tive/
prim
e m
inis
ter
and
hol-
low
ing
out o
f leg
isla
ture
s/pa
rliam
ents
– is
one
indi
catio
n of
thi
s in
stitu
tiona
l de
cay
of "l
iber
al d
emoc
raci
es".
Aga
in, t
he U
S is
an e
xtre
me
case
of
this
dec
ay.
You
inS
wed
en h
ave
wor
king
inst
itutio
ns, a
s do
man
y of
the
Eur
opea
n co
untri
es.
The
chan
ge in
the
publ
ic-p
rivat
e di
visi
on th
at I
spok
e of
ear
lier
is a
noth
er i
ndic
atio
n of
inst
itutio
nal d
ecay
in li
bera
l dem
ocra
cy.
In th
e ca
se o
f the
sys
tem
s yo
u m
entio
nin
you
r qu
estio
n, s
yste
ms
pred
icat
ed o
npr
ivat
izin
g "le
gal"
proc
esse
s, th
is c
omes
dow
n to
an
expl
osio
n de
ep i
nsid
e th
ein
stitu
tions
of l
iber
al d
emoc
racy
– a
kin
dof
sub
terra
nean
exp
losi
on o
f w
hich
we
are
only
se
eing
th
e m
ost
supe
rfici
alre
verb
erat
ions
, an
d m
ost
peop
le b
arel
yre
cogn
ize
them
. I g
o on
and
on
abou
t thi
sin
the
new
boo
k –
it is
diff
icul
t to
addr
ess
in a
few
wor
ds p
reci
sely
bec
ause
it
ism
ade
up o
f man
y (I
coun
ted
over
a h
un-
dred
) sm
all,
spec
ializ
ed,
ofte
n in
visi
ble
exce
pt if
you
are
par
t of t
hem
, leg
al s
ys-
tem
s th
at f
unct
ion
in v
ario
us w
ays
atle
ast
partl
y ou
tsid
e th
e fra
min
g of
the
natio
nal s
tate
. The
se a
re m
ostly
ver
y pa
r-tia
l rat
her t
han
holis
tic a
nd m
ostly
priv
ate
syst
ems
of ju
stic
e an
d pr
ivat
e sy
stem
s of
auth
ority
.
In m
y re
sear
ch fo
r the
new
boo
k, I
foun
ddo
zens
of s
uch
priv
ate
syst
ems.
To th
is w
e sh
ould
pro
babl
y ad
d th
e ne
wki
nds
of s
upra
natio
nal
and
glob
al s
ys-
tem
s th
at b
egin
to e
at a
way
at t
he c
entra
l
[75]
cism
of
the
glob
al ju
stic
e m
ovem
ent,
ofin
stitu
tions
lik
e th
e W
TO a
nd t
he I
MF,
and
its d
eman
ds f
or m
ore
trans
pare
ncy
and
a de
moc
ratiz
atio
n of
glo
bal
inst
itu-
tions
, can
pla
y a
posi
tive
role
in th
is?
SS
: Yes
, def
inite
ly. I
thin
k on
e cr
itica
l ele
-m
ent
is t
he n
otio
n of
rep
osse
ssin
g th
est
ate
appa
ratu
s fo
r ge
nuin
e lib
eral
dem
ocra
cy.
The
liber
al s
tate
has
bee
nhi
jack
ed
for
neol
iber
al
agen
das,
an
dev
en n
ew t
ypes
of
very
mod
ern
desp
o-tis
ms.
By
this
I m
ean
desp
otis
ms
that
are
less
hea
vy-h
ande
d, m
ore
inte
rmed
iate
dth
roug
h pr
opag
anda
mac
hine
ries,
etc
.
My
pref
erre
d ve
rsio
n is
a d
enat
iona
lized
stat
e. I
am n
ot k
een
on n
atio
nalis
ms.
Ano
ther
crit
ical
ele
men
t is
the
not
ion
Ita
lked
abo
ut e
arlie
r: th
at th
e fo
rmal
pol
iti-
cal
appa
ratu
s ac
com
mod
ates
les
s an
dle
ss o
f the
pol
itica
l and
hen
ce th
e gr
ow-
ing
impo
rtanc
e of
info
rmal
pol
itica
l act
ors
and
polit
ical
stru
ggle
s. I
see
a lo
t of t
his
emer
ging
.
Bes
ides
wha
t I s
aid
earli
er, t
hese
pol
itics
also
incl
ude
a so
rt of
den
atio
naliz
ing
ofth
e cl
aim
to th
e rig
ht to
hav
e rig
hts.
And
,at
the
othe
r end
, a p
oliti
cs o
f the
righ
ts to
the
city
, w
hich
mak
es p
oliti
cs c
oncr
ete
and
dem
ocra
tic,
and
also
has
the
effe
ctof
den
atio
naliz
ing
polit
ics
– t
his
is n
otab
out
excl
usiv
e al
legi
ance
to
the
stat
e,th
is is
abo
ut a
den
atio
naliz
ed p
oliti
cs.
MW
: The
title
of y
our n
ew b
ook
indi
cate
sth
at th
e co
ncep
t of "
asse
mbl
ages
" is
cen-
tral t
o yo
ur a
naly
sis.
Wha
t rol
e do
es th
isco
ncep
t ha
ve f
or t
he d
escr
iptio
n of
the
hier
arch
ies
of p
ower
in
toda
y's
wor
ld?
And
how
doe
s it
rela
te t
o yo
ur e
arlie
rre
sear
ch o
n th
e gl
obal
city
?
SS
: Ake
y ye
t muc
h ov
erlo
oked
feat
ure
ofth
e cu
rrent
per
iod
is th
e m
ultip
licat
ion
ofa
broa
d ra
nge
of p
artia
l, of
ten
high
ly s
pe-
cial
ized
, cr
oss-
bord
er s
yste
ms
for
gov-
erni
ng a
var
iety
of p
roce
sses
bot
h in
side
and
acro
ss n
atio
n-st
ates
. The
se s
yste
ms
incl
ude
at o
ne e
nd o
f th
e sp
ectru
m p
ri-va
te s
yste
ms
such
as
the
lex
cons
truct
io-
nis
– a
priv
ate
"law
" de
velo
ped
by t
hem
ajor
en
gine
erin
g co
mpa
nies
in
th
ew
orld
to
esta
blis
h a
com
mon
mod
e of
deal
ing
with
the
stre
ngth
enin
g of
env
iron-
men
tal s
tand
ards
in th
e co
untri
es w
here
they
are
bui
ldin
g. A
t the
oth
er e
nd o
f the
spec
trum
, the
y in
clud
e th
e fir
st e
ver g
lob-
al p
ublic
cou
rt, th
e In
tern
atio
nal C
rimin
alC
ourt,
whi
ch is
not
par
t of
the
sup
rana
-tio
nal s
yste
m a
nd h
as u
nive
rsal
juris
dic-
tion
amon
g si
gnat
ory
coun
tries
. B
eyon
dth
e di
vers
ity o
f th
ese
syst
ems,
the
re i
sth
e in
crea
sing
ly w
eigh
ty fa
ct o
f the
ir nu
m-
bers
– o
ver
125
acco
rdin
g to
the
bes
tre
cent
cou
nt.
The
prol
ifera
tion
of t
hese
syst
ems
does
not
rep
rese
nt t
he e
nd o
fna
tiona
l sta
tes,
but
they
do
begi
n to
dis
-as
sem
ble
bits
and
pie
ces
of th
e na
tiona
l.
Em
phas
izin
g th
is m
ultip
licat
ion
of p
artia
lsy
stem
s co
ntra
sts
with
muc
h of
the
glob
-al
izat
ion
liter
atur
e th
at h
as f
ocus
ed o
nw
hat a
re a
t bes
t brid
ging
eve
nts,
suc
h as
the
rein
vent
ed IM
F or
the
crea
tion
of th
eW
TO.
Rat
her
than
th
e tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
itsel
f. Th
e ac
tual
dyn
amic
s be
ing
shap
edar
e fa
r de
eper
and
mor
e ra
dica
l th
ansu
ch e
ntiti
es a
s th
e W
TO o
r th
e IM
F, n
om
atte
r how
pow
erfu
l the
y ar
e as
foot
sol
-di
ers.
The
se in
stitu
tions
sho
uld
rath
er b
eco
ncei
ved
of a
s ha
ving
pow
erfu
l cap
abil-
ities
in th
e m
akin
g of
a n
ew o
rder
– th
eyar
e in
stru
men
ts, n
ot th
e ne
w o
rder
itse
lf.S
imila
rly, t
he B
retto
n W
oods
sys
tem
was
a po
wer
ful
inst
rum
ent
that
fa
cilit
ated
[74]au
thor
ity a
nd t
he c
entri
peta
l fo
rces
tha
tm
arke
d th
e na
tion-
stat
e, t
he p
roje
ct o
fth
e na
tion-
stat
e. In
this
new
land
scap
e I
incl
ude
info
rmal
glo
bal s
yste
ms,
tha
t is
,sy
stem
s no
t ru
nnin
g th
roug
h th
e in
ter-
stat
e or
sup
rana
tiona
l ins
titut
iona
l wor
ld.
Am
ong
thes
e ar
e, fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
e va
ri-ou
s gl
obal
net
wor
ks o
f ac
tivis
ts (
on t
heen
viro
nmen
t, so
cial
just
ice,
hum
an ri
ghts
,et
c). I
als
o in
clud
e th
e em
erge
nce
of s
ub-
ject
iviti
es t
hat
are
not
enca
sed
by t
hena
tiona
l –
the
y ov
erflo
w t
he n
atio
nal.
Som
e of
this
is a
ctua
lly v
ery
posi
tive,
as
it de
natio
naliz
es t
he n
atio
nal.
In o
ther
wor
ds, t
hese
glo
bal s
yste
ms
incl
ude
neg-
ativ
e an
d po
sitiv
e ne
twor
ks fr
om m
y pe
r-sp
ectiv
e.
But
this
als
o be
gins
to e
at a
way
at s
ome
of th
e fo
unda
tiona
l arc
hite
ctur
e of
libe
ral
parti
cipa
tory
dem
ocra
cies
. C
lear
ly t
hese
trend
s ar
e fa
r m
ore
deve
lope
d in
som
eco
untri
es th
an in
oth
ers.
MW
: Sov
erei
gn a
utho
rity
can
be s
een
asst
ate
sove
reig
nty,
but
als
o as
pop
ular
sove
reig
nty
– t
he c
olle
ctiv
e se
lf-re
aliz
a-tio
n of
the
peop
le, i
n co
ntra
st to
mer
e te
r-rit
oria
l con
trol.
Is t
here
any
diff
eren
ce in
how
"de
-nat
iona
lizat
ion"
exe
rts a
n in
flu-
ence
on
thes
e di
ffere
nt k
inds
of
sove
r-ei
gnty
?
SS
: The
re is
a re
volu
tiona
ry c
laus
e in
all
the
new
co
nstit
utio
ns
fram
ed
in
the
1990
s –
A
rgen
tina,
B
razi
l, U
rugu
ay,
Sou
th A
frica
, the
cen
tral E
urop
ean
coun
-tri
es, a
nd s
ome
othe
rs. I
t has
got
ten
very
little
atte
ntio
n, w
hich
sur
pris
es m
e. It
say
sth
at t
he s
over
eign
(th
e st
ate,
in t
he la
n-gu
age
of in
tern
atio
nal l
aw) e
ven
if de
mo-
crat
ical
ly e
lect
ed c
anno
t pr
esum
e to
be
the
excl
usiv
e re
pres
enta
tive
of it
s pe
ople
in in
tern
atio
nal f
ora.
Wha
t lie
s be
hind
this
is th
e cl
aim
mak
ing
(bac
k to
my
info
rmal
polit
ics)
by
a va
riety
of g
roup
s th
at d
o no
tw
ant t
o be
mer
ged
into
som
e so
rt of
col
-le
ctiv
e id
entit
y re
pres
ente
d by
the
sta
te.
We
can
thin
k of
fir
st-n
atio
n pe
ople
s,m
inor
itize
d ci
tizen
s of
all
sorts
, new
type
sof
fem
inis
ms
that
are
tran
snat
iona
l, po
lit-
ical
dis
sent
ers,
and
pro
babl
y al
l kin
ds o
fot
her
acto
rs n
ow i
n th
e m
akin
g, a
s w
esp
eak.
This
cla
use
is r
evol
utio
nary
in
that
it
goes
bey
ond,
inde
ed, c
onte
sts,
the
maj
orac
hiev
emen
t of t
he F
renc
h an
d A
mer
ican
revo
lutio
ns,
whi
ch w
as t
o po
sit
that
the
peop
le a
re th
e so
vere
ign
and
the
sove
r-ei
gn is
the
peo
ple.
The
ach
ieve
men
t of
thes
e ea
rlier
revo
lutio
ns w
as to
elim
inat
eth
e di
stan
ce b
etw
een
the
peop
le a
nd a
puta
tivel
y di
vine
sov
erei
gn (s
tate
).
This
sig
nals
for
me
the
begi
nnin
g of
are
cons
titut
ing
of s
over
eign
ty.
With
the
notio
n of
den
atio
naliz
atio
n I t
ryto
cap
ture
and
mak
e vi
sibl
e a
mix
of
dyna
mic
s th
at is
als
o al
terin
g so
vere
ignt
ybu
t is
doin
g so
from
the
insi
de o
ut, a
nd o
nth
e gr
ound
, so
to
spea
k –
the
mul
tiple
mic
ro-p
roce
sses
tha
t ar
e re
orie
ntin
g th
ehi
stor
ic n
atio
nal p
roje
ct to
war
ds th
e ne
wgl
obal
pro
ject
. Nat
iona
l sta
te p
olic
ies
may
still
be c
ouch
ed i
n th
e la
ngua
ge o
f th
ena
tiona
l, bu
t at
lea
st s
ome
of t
hem
no
long
er
are:
th
ey
are
now
or
ient
edto
war
ds b
uild
ing
glob
al s
yste
ms
insi
deth
e na
tiona
l sta
te.
From
the
re,
then
, th
ete
rm d
enat
iona
lizat
ion.
MW
: Is
it po
ssib
le to
dis
cern
any
cou
nter
-po
wer
s on
the
glob
al le
vel,
wor
king
to re
-in
stitu
te th
e fu
ndam
enta
l prin
cipl
es o
f the
liber
al-d
emoc
ratic
(n
atio
n)
stat
e on
a
glob
al le
vel?
Do
you
thin
k th
at t
he c
riti-
[77]
natio
nal c
apita
l. S
trict
ly s
peak
ing,
ther
e is
no le
gal p
erso
na fo
r th
e gl
obal
firm
. But
ther
e is
a g
loba
l sp
ace
for
thei
r op
era-
tions
, a g
loba
l spa
ce th
at is
the
resu
lt of
stat
es d
enat
iona
lizin
g bi
ts a
nd p
iece
s of
thei
r na
tiona
l sys
tem
s –
it t
ook
a lo
t of
wor
k by
ove
r a h
undr
ed s
tate
s to
do
this
.Th
e hu
man
rig
hts
regi
me
offe
rs a
noth
erty
pe o
f exa
mpl
e. W
hen
a ju
dge
or a
pla
in-
tiff u
ses
hum
an r
ight
s in
a n
atio
nal c
ourt
for
a na
tiona
l cou
rt ca
se, i
t par
tly, a
nd in
very
spe
cial
ized
way
s, d
enat
iona
lizes
ana
tiona
l law
sys
tem
.
By
the
way
, thi
s, a
gain
, poi
nts
to th
e m
ul-
tival
ence
of m
any
of th
e ke
y ca
tego
ries
Iha
ve
deve
lope
d to
do
m
y ty
pe
ofre
sear
ch.
The
dena
tiona
lizin
g th
at h
ap-
pens
thro
ugh
the
dem
ands
of g
loba
l firm
sis
not
so
good
, whe
reas
the
dena
tiona
liz-
ing
that
ha
ppen
s th
roug
h th
e us
e of
hum
an r
ight
s in
nat
iona
l co
urts
is
very
inte
rest
ing,
and
mos
tly p
ositi
ve.
Thes
e ar
e ju
st t
wo
exam
ples
of
how
Iw
ork.
It
is,
thus
, qu
ite d
iffer
ent
from
just
focu
sing
on
the
glob
al p
er s
e. F
ocus
ing
on t
he g
loba
l fir
m o
r th
e hu
man
rig
hts
regi
me
as g
loba
l ent
ities
is c
ritic
al. B
ut it
need
s to
be
dist
ingu
ishe
d fro
m th
e m
ak-
ing
of t
hat
poss
ibilit
y. I
am
inte
rest
ed in
the
mak
ing.
I th
ink
this
app
roac
h al
so h
asco
nseq
uenc
es f
or p
oliti
cs:
we
can
per-
form
glo
bal p
oliti
cs th
roug
h na
tiona
l sta
tein
stitu
tions
– a
nd i
n so
doi
ng,
will,
of
cour
se,
partl
y de
natio
naliz
e ou
r st
ate,
whi
ch is
fine
with
me
as it
beg
ins
to b
uild
a m
ulti-
site
d in
frast
ruct
ure
for g
loba
l pol
i-tic
s –
a g
loba
l pol
itics
that
run
s th
roug
hlo
caliz
ed s
ites
rath
er th
an a
wor
ld s
tate
.
This
in
terv
iew
w
as
first
pu
blis
hed
inFr
ones
is.
Not
es1.
Sas
kia
Sas
sen,
Te
rrito
ry,
auth
ority
,rig
hts:
Fro
m m
edie
val
to g
loba
l as
sem
-bl
ages
, Prin
ceto
n U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss, 2
006.
[76]som
e of
the
new
glo
bal
form
atio
ns t
hat
emer
ged
in th
e 19
80s
but w
as n
ot it
self
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
new
ord
er a
s is
ofte
nas
serte
d.
Thes
e cr
oss-
bord
er s
yste
ms
amou
nt to
parti
cula
rized
ass
embl
ages
of b
its o
f ter
-rit
ory,
aut
horit
y, a
nd ri
ghts
that
use
d to
be
part
of m
ore
diffu
se in
stitu
tiona
l dom
ains
with
in t
he n
atio
n-st
ate
or,
at t
imes
, th
esu
pran
atio
nal s
yste
m. I
see
in th
is p
rolif
-er
atio
n of
sp
ecia
lized
as
sem
blag
es
ate
nden
cy to
war
d a
mix
ing
of c
onst
itutiv
eru
les
once
sol
idly
lod
ged
in t
he n
atio
n-st
ate
proj
ect.
Thes
e no
vel a
ssem
blag
esar
e pa
rtial
and
ofte
n hi
ghly
spe
cial
ized
,ce
nter
ed in
par
ticul
ar u
tiliti
es a
nd p
urpo
s-es
. Th
eir
emer
genc
e an
d pr
olife
ratio
nbr
ing
seve
ral
sign
ifica
nt c
onse
quen
ces
even
tho
ugh
this
is a
par
tial,
not
an a
ll-en
com
pass
ing
deve
lopm
ent.
They
ar
epo
tent
ially
pro
foun
dly
unse
ttlin
g fo
r w
hat
are
still
th
e pr
eval
ent
inst
itutio
nal
arra
ngem
ents
– n
atio
n-st
ates
and
the
supr
anat
iona
l sy
stem
. Th
ey p
rom
ote
am
ultip
licat
ion
of d
iver
se s
patio
-tem
pora
lfra
min
gs a
nd d
iver
se n
orm
ativ
e or
ders
whe
re
once
th
e do
min
ant
logi
c w
asto
war
d pr
oduc
ing
unita
ry n
atio
nal s
patia
l,te
mpo
ral,
and
norm
ativ
e fra
min
gs.
This
pro
lifer
atio
n of
spe
cial
ized
ord
ers
exte
nds
even
insi
de th
e st
ate
appa
ratu
s.I
argu
e th
at w
e ca
n no
long
er s
peak
of
"the"
sta
te,
and
henc
e of
"th
e" n
atio
nal
stat
e ve
rsus
"the
" glo
bal o
rder
. We
see
ano
vel
type
of
segm
enta
tion
insi
de t
hest
ate
appa
ratu
s,
with
a
grow
ing
and
incr
easi
ngly
priv
atiz
ed e
xecu
tive
bran
chof
gov
ernm
ent a
ligne
d w
ith s
peci
fic g
lob-
al
acto
rs,
notw
ithst
andi
ng
natio
nalis
tsp
eech
es, a
nd w
e se
e a
hollo
win
g ou
t of
legi
slat
ures
whi
ch i
ncre
asin
gly
beco
me
conf
ined
to
few
er a
nd m
ore
dom
estic
mat
ters
. Th
is r
ealig
nmen
t w
eake
ns t
heca
paci
ty o
f citi
zens
to d
eman
d ac
coun
ta-
bilit
y fro
m t
he e
xecu
tive
and
it pa
rtly
erod
es th
e pr
ivac
y rig
hts
of c
itize
ns –
ahi
stor
ic s
hift
of th
e pr
ivat
e-pu
blic
div
isio
nat
the
hea
rt of
the
lib
eral
sta
te,
albe
ital
way
s an
impe
rfect
div
isio
n.
MW
: Lat
ely,
sev
eral
"gr
and
narra
tives
" of
glob
aliz
atio
n ha
ve b
een
form
ulat
ed b
yth
eoris
ts
such
as
M
anue
l C
aste
lls,
Mic
hael
H
ardt
, an
d A
nton
io
Neg
ri.
Inw
hat w
ays
does
you
r ow
n th
eory
rese
m-
ble,
or d
iffer
from
, the
se?
SS
: I s
hare
muc
h w
ith th
em, a
nd I
know
them
all.
The
re i
s m
uch
polit
ical
tru
stam
ong
us. B
ut s
ince
you
ask
abo
ut p
os-
sibl
e th
eore
tical
di
ffere
nces
, le
t m
ean
swer
. One
way
of s
tarti
ng is
to s
ay th
atth
eir e
ffort
has
been
to m
ap th
e em
erge
ntgl
obal
. A
nd I
agr
ee w
ith w
hat
they
see
and
the
impo
rtanc
e th
ey g
ive
to th
is g
lob-
al. B
ut th
at is
not
wha
t I a
m d
oing
.
Very
brie
fly,
my
stru
ggle
ove
r th
e la
sttw
enty
yea
rs h
as b
een
to g
o be
yond
the
self-
evid
ent
glob
al s
cale
, an
d de
tect
the
glob
al a
t sub
-nat
iona
l lev
els.
Fro
m th
ere
com
es m
y co
ncep
t of t
he g
loba
l city
, for
inst
ance
. O
ne w
ay o
f pu
tting
it is
tha
t I
like
to g
o di
ggin
g in
the
pen
umbr
a of
mas
ter
cate
gorie
s.
The
glob
al
has
beco
me
a m
aste
r ca
tego
ry,
and
is s
obl
indi
ngly
cle
ar th
at it
put
s a
lot o
f pla
ces,
acto
rs, a
nd d
ynam
ics
in a
dee
p sh
adow
.M
y cu
rrent
wor
k on
the
den
atio
naliz
edst
ate
– n
o m
atte
r ho
w in
tens
e th
e re
na-
tiona
lizin
g al
so
is
–
is
yet
anot
her
inst
ance
of t
he g
loba
l tha
t is
not s
elf-e
vi-
dent
ly g
loba
l. I a
m in
tere
sted
in th
e w
ays
in w
hich
the
glob
al m
ight
be
endo
geno
usto
the
natio
nal.
For e
xam
ple,
muc
h gl
ob-
al
capi
tal
is
actu
ally
de
natio
naliz
ed