Post on 18-Jul-2020
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The Grid of The Future: From Vertical to Flat
Decentralized Control:
Benefits, Technologies and Challenges
Santiago Grijalva Georgia Institute of Technology
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Smart Grid functionality restores the
balance
Hydro power
plants
Nuclear Power
Plants Natural Gas
Generators
Transmission
System
Distribution
Substations Customers
Distributed
storage
Solar Farms
Wind Farms
The Emerging Grid
Home Energy
Storage Energy
Efficiency
PHEV
Rooftop
Solar
Distributed
wind
Commercial
Customers
2 © 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology
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Unprecedented Changes
Domain Change Future System
Objectives • Reliability+, Economy+, and Sustainability Sustainable
Sources • Fossil fuel to renewable
• Bulk centralized to massively distributed
• Highly Variable
Renewable
Distributed, Two way
Stochastic
ICCT • Can control entire system through SW
• Interdependency of physical and cyber
• Privacy and cyber-security issues
Cyber-Controlled
Cyber-Physical
Secure, Private
Actors • Consumers can also produce and store
• Consumers seek their own objectives
• Massive number of actors and devices
Prosumers
Smart
Massive
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3 © 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology
• How should these systems be controlled and operated?
• Need new control architecture -> Decentralized
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Concept 1: Prosumer Abstraction
• A generic model that captures basic functions (produce, consume,
store) can be applied to power systems at any scale.
• The fundamental task is power balancing:
• Energy services can be virtualized.
External
Supply Energy
Storage
Local
Energy
Wires
Load 1 Load 2 . . . . Load n
INT G D Loss STO STOP P P P P P
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Concept 2: Flat Electricity Industry
Interconnection
ISO
Utility
Grid, Building, Home
S. Grijalva, "Multi-Scale, Multi-Dimensional Computational Algorithms for Next Generation Electric Power Grid", DOE Workshop on
Computational Needs for Next Generation Electric Power Grid, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, April 18-20, 2011.
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• Interactions occur among entities of the same type (prosumers)
• Can achieve “flatness”
© 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Grijalva, M. Costley, "Prosumer-Based Smart Grid Architecture Enables a Flat, Sustainable Electricity Industry", IEEE PES
Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), Anaheim, California, January 17-19, 2011.
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Concept 3: Prosumer Services
6 © 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology
• Prosumer exposes
standardized services – Energy balancing
– Frequency regulation
– Reserve
– Sensing and Information
– Forecasting
– Security
– Self-identification
– Voltage control
– Black Start
– Etc.
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Concept 4: Layered Energy Cyber-Physical System
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Device Layer
Local Control Layer
Cyber-Layer
System Control Layer
Market Layer
PV Cells Storage Devices
Building Loads
Gas Storage
Diesel Gen Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Micro PMU
Smart Meters Actuators Sensors
Protections Controllers
Wireless System
SCADA Campus LAN HPC
Firewall Database
Islanding
Balancing SA Forecasting
Decentralized Controller
Virtual Power Plant
Pricing Module
Optimization
EMS
Device Layer
Local Control Layer
Cyber-Layer
System Control Layer
Market Layer
Appliances
Air Conditioner
Water Heater
Pumps
Electric Vehicle Lighting
Flow Sensors
Actuators Temperature
Micro PMU Occupancy Sensors
Security
SCADA Database PC
Firewall LAN
Monitoring
System Level Control Alarm System
Scheduling
BEMS Demand Response
Optimization Module
Forecasting
UPS
Rooftop PV Battery
Microgrid Building
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Decentralized Control
• 20 Self-Optimizing Regions in a Large-Scale RTO System.
• Tie-Line Bus LMP convergence using Decentralized Optimization.
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M. Costley, S. Grijalva, “Efficient Distributed OPF for De-
centralized Power System Operations and Electricity Markets”,
IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies,
Washington D.C., January 17-19, 2012.
© 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology
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Potential Benefits
• Scalable to large number of control points.
• Reduces need for massive communication
• Leverages sensing investment
• Enables solving otherwise intractable optimization problems
• Enables integration of distributed renewables
• Eliminates single point of failure
• Leverages distributed intelligence
• Empowers customers
• Increases information privacy
• Enhances cyber-security
• Incrementally deployable
• Backward compatible
10 © 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology
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Technology Needs and Challenges
Technologies Challenges
Modeling and Simulation
• Prosumer models
• Multi-scale models
• Co-Simulation
• ICCT and physical
• System control and market
• System planning
Device function to prosumer service
What temporal scales
Supporting theory
Market/business models
Information footprint, computation
Control and Operation
• Control theory
• E-CPS theory
Decentralized resilient control of large, open,
uncertain networked network systems.
Layered control theory
Architecture Control Architecture drives
ICC Architecture,
Security Architecture
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Summary
• Future electricity systems will consist of billions of smart
devices and millions of interconnected decision makers.
• A decentralized control and management architecture may
be able to support the objectives and requirements of the
future electricity industry.
THANKS!
© 2014 Georgia Institute of Technology