Post on 10-Sep-2020
1
Day 2/Topic 2: Biological
Metabolism and Industrial
Ecosystems
Dr. Anthony Halog
Source: UNEP, ABC of
SCP. 2010
10/26/2018 Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Engineering Course
The Relevance of
Biological Ecology (BE)
to Technology
“In an industrial ecosystem, the
consumption of energy and materials is
optimized, waste generation is minimized,
and the effluents from one process serve
as the raw material for another”
R.A. Frosch, and N. Gallopoulos, Strategies for
manufacturing, Scientific American, 260 (3),
144, 1989.
THE BE/IE
METAPHOR/ANALOGY:
PRINCIPAL QUESTIONS
• Are there recognizable similarities
between BE and IE?
• If so, does anything useful come from that
realization?
Analogy #1 –
Organisms as an
Organizing Concept
Organism
An entity internally organized to
maintain vital activities
PROPERTIES OF
ORGANISMS• Capable of independent activity
• Utilizes energy and material resources
• Releases waste heat and material
residues
• Capable of reproduction
• Responds to external stimuli
• Grows and dies
Question:
What is the industrial organism?
-the product?
-the factory?
-the ecoindustrial park?
-the city or country?
PROPERTIES OF
ORGANISMS• Capable of independent activity
• Utilizes energy and material resources
• Releases waste heat and material
residues
• Capable of reproduction
• Responds to external stimuli
• Grows and dies
“I think of the organism as being the
industrial process or the set of industrial
processes that leads to a particular product
or product family”
R.A. Frosch, “Industrial ecology: A
philosophical introduction”, Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. US, 89 (3), 800-803, 1989.
Frosch’s Perspective
Analogy #2 –
The Ecosystem as an
Organizing Concept
A Type I Biological Ecosystem
Unlimited
resourcesUnlimited
waste
A Type II Biological Ecosystem
Energy and
limited
resources
LLimited
waste
A Type III Biological Ecosystem
EnergyL
“I think of ecology as being the network of
all industrial processes as they may
interact with each other and live off each
other”
R.A. Frosch, “Industrial ecology: A
philosophical introduction”, Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. US, 89 (3), 800-803, 1989.
Frosch’s Perspective:
A Type II Industrial Ecosystem
Limited
resources
LLimited
waste
A Type II Industrial Ecosystem
Limited
resources
LLimited
waste
V
R
P
M
S
I
Analogy #3 –
Engineering by Organisms
Case 1
Organism
State 1
Organism
State 2
BE Example: An osprey eats a fish
IE Example: A factory roof is repaired
These cases are NOT engineering, because
although materials are utilized, no environmental
change occurs
Case 2
Material
State 1
Material
State 2
BE Example: A bird builds a nest
IE Example: Neolithic humans construct a log road
Organism
Case 3
Organism
State 1
Organism
State 2
BE Example: Plankton blooms warm surface waters
IE Example: Urban areas alter water flows
Resource flow
Case 4
Material
State 1
Material
State 2
BE Example: Beavers build a dam
IE Example: Humans manufacture energy-using portable radios
Organism
Resource flow
Case 5
BE Example: Mussel beds protect sediments
IE Example: Urban areas raise regional temperatures
Organism
State 1
Organism
State 2
Resource flow
Abiotic
Force
Case 6
BE Example: Plankton emit cloud-forming dimethyl sulfide
IE Example: CFC emissions create ozone hole
Material
State 1
Material
State 2
Resource flow
Abiotic
ForceOrganism
Analogy #4 –
Evolution as an
Organizing Concept
Evolution
The transformation over time of
groups of organisms so that
descendants differ physically and
morphologically from their
ancestors
Biological Evolution Driving Factors
• Random genetic variations
• Changes in local ecosystem structure
• Changes in environmental pressures or
constraints
Industrial Evolution Driving Factors
• Tool use
• New energy sources
• Materials and technology development (metals, petrochemicals, polymers, etc.)
• The information explosion
Evolution of the Automobile
Model TThe Edsel
The Prius
Industrial Evolution: Jumps
Industrial Evolution: Borrowing from
Any Technology That’s Needed
The Tree of Technology
L
The Technological Sector Sequence
From
Customer
To
Customer
Various
Process
And Product
Reuse
Options
METAL
MINING
METAL
PROCESSINGMETAL
FABRICATION
NATURAL GAS
EXTRACTION
COAL MINING
POWER
GENERATION
PLASTICS
FABRICATION
PRODUCT
ASSEMBLYPACKAGING &
SHIPPING
RECYCLING
INORGANIC
MINERAL
EXTRACTION
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS,
SAND &
GLASS
SYNTHETIC
ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
ELECTRONIC
FABRICATION
PETROLEUM
REFINING,
PETROCHEMICALS
PETROLEUM
EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION MATERIAL
PROCESSING
INTERMEDIATE
PRODUCT MFR.
IfINAL PRODUCT
MFR.
PRODUCT
DELIVERY
AGRICULTURE
FOOD
PROCESSING
FOREST
PRODUCTS
CONSTRUCTION
TEXTILES
Metabolic Analysis
Metabolism
The aggregate of all physical and
chemical processes taking place
within an organism or group of
organisms
The Metabolism of
Industrial Organisms
The Framework of Industrial Metabolism
FactoryAutos,
computers
Industrial
nutrients
Operating nutrients
(electricity, petrol, etc.)
Excreta Excreta
Reprocessing,
recyclingNutrients in or nearer
original forms
M
S W
Industrial Organism Material Flow
C
RA
Single Facility Energy Flow
Oil 2000 Steam
Coal 200
Electricity 400
Process A 1270
Process B 150
Process C 140
Boiler Losses
Power House Losses
Steam Losses
400 30 300
Boilers
Heating Factory
Heating Office Lighting
60
50
100 100
Waigaoqiao Power Plant Power Station
Industrial Activity: Power generation
Footprint/Physical Size: 144 hectares
MATERIAL INPUTS
5.9 million tons/year
high sulfur coal
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
N/A (Energy producer)
WATER REQUIREMENTS
14*1010 L/year saltwater
(cooling)
Freshwater (purified) for
steam
PRODUCTS
14.8 Billion kWh per year
Electricity
NON-PRODUCT OUTPUTS/WASTES
CO2 16 million tons/year
SOx 105,000 tons/year
NOx 140,000 tons/year
Elevated temperature wastewater 14*1010 L/year
Fly Ash & Bottom Ash 570,000 tons year
Waste solvents (cleaning)
Waste oil
Single facility – material flow profile
Courtesy of M. Chertow
Toyota’s Worldwide Metabolism
Courtesy of Toyota Motor Company
11 Elements
+4 Elements
Semiconductor Technology: The Complexity is
Increasing Exponentially
+45 Elements(Potential)
Source: T. McManus, Intel Corp., 2006
Metabolic Analysis – A Desktop Computer
• Major constituents – silica (25% by weight), plastics (23%), iron (20%), aluminum (14%), copper (7%), lead (6%), etc.
• Essential trace elements (50-1000 parts per million): tantalum, gold, silver, palladium, cobalt, gallium, and many others
Redefining Metabolic Terminology
• Industrial Pathway
• Industrial Enzymes
• The Industrial Genome
Redefining Metabolic Terminology
• Industrial Pathway – the route of transformation of materials (industrial metabolites) into products
• Industrial Enzymes (agents that make transformations happen) – Industrial reactors or machines
• The Industrial Genome (designs the enzymes) – Machine and reactor designers
Industrial Transformation Terminology
• Chemical transformation – “unit process”
• Physical transformation – “unit operation”
To follow the pathway of a material,
we need to know
• The processes transporting or
transforming the material
• The products containing the material
To follow the rate of flow of a
material, we need to know
• The mass fluxes of the input goods
• The material concentrations in the input goods
• The transfer function of this material in each process
Overview: Doorknob Metabolism
An industrial transformation
sheet steel steel part
An industrial metabolic process
sheet steel steel part shaped part packaged part
punch drawing
press pressplating
bath
plated part
packaging
packaging
The Industrial Metabolism S Matrix
Industrial
transformationspunch draw plate …..
Sheet
Part
Shaped part
Plated part
…….
Indu
str
ial m
eta
bo
lite
s
-1 0 0 ……
+1 -1 0 …..
0 +1 -1 …..
….. ….. ….
The Scope of Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)
Materials
requirements
Reporting
functions
Inventory
status
Production
schedule
Central
database
Facility
personnel
Corporate
(financial,
planning, etc.)
Part mfr.
Product mfr.
The Scope of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Manufacturing
Reporting
functions
Sales and
service
Human
resources
Central
database
Suppliers
Customers
Financial
activities
The Scope of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Manufacturing
Reporting
functions
Sales and
service
Human
resources
Central
database
Suppliers
Customers
Environmental
impacts
Resource
consumption
Human
resources
Facility
personnel
Corporate
(financial,
planning, etc.)
Part mfr.
Product mfr.
MRP
ERP
The Utility of Industrial Metabolic Understanding
Data After J. Papin et al., Trends Biochem. Sci., 28, 250-258, 2003
Process
design
Machine
design
Worker
activities
Factory-scale
network
Pathway
analysis
Elucidation of
systems properties
Management of
environment and
sustainability issues
Systems analysis of
metabolites, enzymes,
byproducts, etc.
Metabolism from the industrial organism on up
Metabolism of
the industrial organism
Metabolism of the
industrial population
Metabolism of the
industrial ecosystem
BE AND IE ORGANISMS: RESOURCE
UTILIZATION DIFFERENCES
• BE organisms eat other organisms
• IE organisms transform nutrients
forwarded by other organisms
• Respiration is defined differently
• Heat loss is explicit in IE
• IE organisms are not designed to store
resources
BE AND IE ORGANISMS:
METABOLIC DIFFERENCES
• IE organisms metabolize resources to
manufacture products that are not copies
of themselves
• Production from an IE organism may grow,
and factory additions may be made, but
there is no predictable growth pattern
• Factories die when obsolete or when a
product is no longer wanted, not because
they become old
Summary
• If the metabolism of a biological organism is completely understood, the detailed effects of perturbations to that metabolism can be predicted.
• Similarly, if the metabolism of an industrial organism is completely understood, the detailed effects of perturbations to that metabolism can be predicted.
• In principle, the detailed metabolism of an industrial organism is known. In practice, it tends not to be fully comprehended, and opportunities for improvement are often lost.
Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial Symbiosis
• Industrial symbiosis engages traditionally
separate industries in a collective approach to
competitive advantage involving physical
exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by
products. The keys to industrial symbiosis are
collaboration and the synergistic possibilities
offered by geographic proximity.
M. Chertow 2000
Annual Review of Energy and Environment
Three primary opportunities for
industrial symbiosis
• By-product exchanges - the exchange of firm-specific materials between two or more parties,
• Utility/infrastructure sharing - the pooled management of commonly used resources such as energy, water, and wastewater
• Joint provision of services – meeting common needs across firms for ancillary activities such as fire suppression, transportation, food provision, and so forth.
Materials Cycling in Industries
Waste
Brokerage
Industries grouped by a common
waste and re-use stream
#3
#2#1
Others
#4
A B C D
Industries connected by
a byproduct stream
Source: M. Chertow
Types of industrial symbiosis
1. Waste exchanges
2. Within a facility or firm
3. Among co-located firms
4. Among nearby firms
5. Among distant firms
Chertow’s “3/2 Heuristic”
To qualify as an industrial ecosystem, at least three industrial actors must
exchange at least two different materials among themselves
Industrial Symbiosis Attributes
• IS examines cooperation between traditionally separate industries in close geographic proximity.
• IS is most commonly characterized by physical exchanges of materials, water, energy, or by-products, but can also be accomplished through joint provisioning of resources (water, electricity, transportation) or joint facilities (wastewater treatment, cafeteria)
• IS can create new revenue streams, lower disposal costs, build new links within the community, and reduce environmental harm
Byproduct Exchange: Mosto at Bacardi
Courtesy of M. Chertow
By-Product Exchange: Water Cascading at Pfizer
Clean Water Use
Industrial Use
Treatment
Brown Water Use
Courtesy of M. Chertow
Industrial Symbiosis of Kalundborg DenmarkIndustrial Symbiosis of Kalundborg Denmark
Liquid
Fertilizer
Production
Statoil
Refinery
Energy E2 Power
Station
Novo Nordisk/
Novozymes A/S
Pharmaceuticals
Farms
Lake
Tissø
Cement;
roads
Fish
farming
Gyproc
Nordic East
Wall-board
Plant
Water
Water
Water
Sludge
(treated)
Heat
Scrubber
Sludge
Ste
am
Bo
iler
wa
ter
Co
olin
gw
ate
r
Ste
am
Recovered nickel
and vanadium
A-S Soilrem
Ho
t
wa
ter
Municipality of
Kalundborg
District Heating
Wastewater
Treatment Plant
SulfurO
rga
nic
resid
ue
s
Fly ash
Heat
Slu
dg
e
Gas (back up)
Yeast
slurry
Wa
ste
wa
ter
Waigaoqiao Power Plant Power Station
Industrial Activity: Power generation
Footprint/Physical Size: 144 hectares
MATERIAL INPUTS
5.9 million tons/year
high sulfur coal
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
N/A (Energy producer)
WATER REQUIREMENTS
14*1010 L/year saltwater
(cooling)
Freshwater (purified) for
steam
PRODUCTS
14.8 Billion kWh per year
Electricity
NON-PRODUCT OUTPUTS/WASTES
CO2 16 million tons/year
SOx 105,000 tons/year
NOx 140,000 tons/year
Elevated temperature wastewater 14*1010 L/year
Fly Ash & Bottom Ash 570,000 tons year
Waste solvents (cleaning)
Waste oil
Single facility – material flow profile
Courtesy of M. Chertow
Distilled
Water
Low
Pressure
Steam
Eco-Electrica and Costa Sur
Port Industries
Value-
Added
Industries
Guayanilla Bay Economic Development Opportunities
from Industrial Symbiosis: The Initial Conditions
Guayanilla Bay Economic Development Opportunities
from Industrial Symbiosis: The Beverage Cluster
Distilled
Water
Low
Pressure
Steam
Recycling Facility
Eco-Electrica and Costa Sur
Absorption Chillers
Cool
Air
Beverage Manufacture
Port Industries
Discarded Packaging
Recycled Packaging
Recycled Packaging
Regional Produce
Island Industrogeography
The island microcosm has been the basis
for numerous scientific advances
• Darwin – evolutionary
biology
• MacArthur and Wilson –
island biogeography
• anthropologists – study of
human behavior
• Industrial ecologists –
resource use under
environmental constraints
The island context vs.
the island paradigm
• Modern transportation has made geographical boundaries permeable and increased the connectivity of islands to the rest of the world
• Still, islands do have limits imposed by the cost of importation and the assimilative capacity of the environment
• Thus we can consider the island context (an isolated system with scarce resources) as a more realistic framework than the island paradigm (a bounded system with controlled conditions).
Why should industrial ecologists
care about islands?
• Islands are systems that are closed and
bounded in many respects and thus present a
manageable unit of study
• Island populations are challenged with limited
resource availability, tenuous resource
security, and limited natural carrying capacity
• The need to find solutions for sustainable
development is much more immediate for
island systems
Industrial ecology tools for island
settings: material flow analysis
• MFA is used to identify and quantify all significant
material inputs and outputs of each firm or other
entity in the island setting
• The results suggest opportunities for exchange of
materials among companies, as well as
opportunities for more efficient resource use in
the industrial ecosystem
• On islands, material accounting can also
highlight key resource vulnerabilities
Material Flow Diagram for the Island of Hawai’i, 2005
Courtesy of M. Chertow
Mismatched Material Flows in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico imports an estimated 400 tons/week
of recycled glass for glass manufacturing
Puerto Rico has exported an
additional 200 tons/day of
used boxboard to Venezuela
Puerto Rico imports some 500 tons/day of
used boxboard for cardboard manufacturing
Puerto Rico discards an estimated
1000 tons/week of recyclable glass
Puerto Rico discards an
estimated 800 tons/day of
recyclable boxboard
Courtesy of M. Chertow
Industrial ecology tools for island
settings: energy systems analysis
• Evaluates the current and historical status of energy supply and demand and the key determinants of those trends, by looking at resource price and availability, patterns of generation and consumption, and the likely directions of future change.
• Increasingly involves an examination of renewable options (geothermal, wind, solar, biomass) and the displacement of fossil fuels (especially oil)
Energy Use on the Island of Hawai’i, 2005
Courtesy of M. Chertow
Resource cascading in the island context
• The repeated use of a resource in
different applications, where each use
requires a lower level of refinement or
lower value, and preserves and extends
resources
• In the island context, resource
cascading contributes to improved
sustainability