Post on 31-Dec-2015
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Data Administration
Data and information are valuable assets.
Data is used at many business levels Operations and transactions. Tactical management. Strategic management.
There are many databases and applications in an organization.
Someone has to be responsible for organizing, controlling, and sharing data. Data Administrator (DA)
Business Operations
TacticalManagement
StrategicManagement
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Data Administrator (DA)
Provide centralized control over the data. Data definition.
Format Naming convention
Data integration. Selection of DBMS.
Act as data and database advocate. Application ideas. Decision support. Strategic uses.
Coordinate data integrity, security, and control.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Administrator (DBA)
Install and upgrade DBMS. Create user accounts and
monitor security. In charge of backup and
recovery of the database. Monitor and tune the
database performance. Coordinate with DBMS
vendor and plan for changes.
Maintain DBMS-specific information for developers.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Oracle Query Analysis
ALTER SYSTEM SET TIMED_STATISTICS=true;ALTER SYSTEM SET USER_DUMP_DEST= ‘newdir’;ALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE = true;
Run your queryALTER SESSION SET SQL_TRACE = false;
EXPLAIN PLAN SET STATEMENT_ID = ‘Your title’ INTO output FOR
Your query
Requires output table be setup first.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Oracle SQL Trace
call count cpu elapsed disk query current rows----- ------ ----- ------- ----- ----- ------- ----Parse 1 0.02 0.04 0 0 0 0Execute 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0Fetch 12 0.00 0.00 0 823 4 164----- ------ ----- ------- ----- ----- ------- ----total 14 0.02 0.04 0 823 4 164
Misses in library cache during parse: 1Optimizer goal: CHOOSEParsing user id: 26
Rows Row Source Operation------- --------------------------------------------- 164 NESTED LOOPS 303 NESTED LOOPS 197 TABLE ACCESS FULL SALE 498 INDEX RANGE SCAN (object id 3398) 164 TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID MERCHANDISE 604 INDEX UNIQUE SCAN (object id 3388)
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Administration Planning
Determine hardware and software needs.
DesignEstimate space requirements, estimate performance.
Implementation Install software, create databases, transfer data.
OperationMonitor performance, backup and recovery.
Growth and ChangeMonitor and forecast storage needs.
SecurityCreate user accounts, monitor changes.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Planning
EstimationData storage requirementsTime to developCost to developOperations costs
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Managing Database Design Teamwork
Data standardsData repositoryReusable objectsCASE toolsNetworks / communication
Subdividing projectsDelivering in stages
User needs / prioritiesVersion upgrades
Normalization by user viewsDistribute individual sectionsCombine sections
Assign forms and reports
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Implementation
Standards for application programming.User interface.Programming standards.
Layout and techniques.Variable & object definition.
Test procedures.
Data access and ownership. Loading databases. Backup and recovery plans. User and operator training.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Operation and Maintenance Monitoring usage
Size and growthPerformance / delaysSecurity logsUser problems
Backup and recovery User support
Help deskTraining classes
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Growth and Change Detect need for change
Size and speedStructures / design
Requests for additional data.Difficulties with queries.
Usage patternsForecasts
Delays in implementing changesTime to recognize needs.Time to get agreement and approval.Time to install new hardware.Time to create / modify software.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Backup and Recovery
Backups are crucial! Offsite storage! Scheduled backup.
Regular intervals.Record time.Track backups.
Journals / logs Checkpoint Rollback / Roll forward
OrdID Odate Amount ...192 2/2/01 252.35 …193 2/2/01 998.34 …
OrdID Odate Amount ...192 2/2/01 252.35 …193 2/2/01 998.34 …194 2/2/01 77.23 ...
OrdID Odate Amount ...192 2/2/01 252.35 …193 2/2/01 998.34 …194 2/2/01 77.23 …195 2/2/01 101.52 …
Snapshot
Changes
Journal/Log
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Database Security and Privacy
Physical security Protecting hardware Protecting software and
data.
Logical security Unauthorized disclosure Unauthorized modification Unauthorized withholding
Security Threats Employees / Insiders
Disgruntled employees “Terminated” employees Dial-up / home access
Programmers Time bombs Trap doors
Visitors Consultants Business partnerships
Strategic sharing EDI
Hackers--Internet
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Data Privacy
Who owns data?Customer rights.International complications.
Do not release data to others.Do not read data unnecessarily.Report all infractions and problems.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Physical Security Hardware
Preventing problemsFire preventionSite considerationsBuilding design
Hardware backup facilities
Continuous backup (mirror sites)
Hot sitesShell sites “Sister” agreements
Telecommunication systems
Personal computers
Data and softwareBackupsOff-site backupsPersonal computers
Policies and proceduresNetwork backup
Disaster planningWrite it downTrain all new employeesTest it once a yearTelecommunications
Allowable time between disaster and business survival limits.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Physical Security Provisions
Backup data. Backup hardware. Disaster planning and testing. Prevention.
Location. Fire monitoring and control. Control physical access.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Managerial Controls
“Insiders” Hiring Termination Monitoring Job segmentation Physical access limitations
LocksGuards and video monitoringBadges and tracking
Consultants and Business alliances Limited data access Limited physical access Paired with employees
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Logical Security
Unauthorized disclosure. Unauthorized modification. Unauthorized withholding.
Disclosure example Letting a competitor see the
strategic marketing plans.
Modification example Letting employees change
their salary numbers.
Withholding example Preventing a finance officer
from retrieving data needed to get a bank loan.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
User Identification
User identification Accounts
Individual Groups
Passwords Do not use “real” words. Do not use personal (or pet)
names. Include non-alphabetic
characters. Use at least 6 (8)
characters. Change it often. Too many passwords!
Alternative identification Finger / hand print readers Voice Retina (blood vessel) scans DNA typing
Hardware passwords The one-minute password. Card matched to computer. Best method for open
networks / Internet.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Basic Security Ideas
Limit access to hardware Physical locks. Video monitoring. Fire and environment
monitors. Employee logs / cards. Dial-back modems
Monitor usage Hardware logs. Access from network nodes. Software and data usage.
Background checks Employees Consultants
phonecompany
phonecompany
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5
2
3
Jones 1111Smith 2222Olsen 3333Araha 4444
Dialback modem User calls modem Modem gets name, password Modem hangs up phone Modem calls back user Machine gets final password
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Access Controls Operating system
Access to directoriesReadView / File scanWriteCreateDelete
Access to filesReadWriteEditDelete
DBMS usually needs most of these
Assign by user or group.
DBMS access controls Read Data Update Data Insert Data Delete Data Open / Run Read Design Modify Design Administer
Owners and administrator Need separate user
identification / login to DBMS.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
SQL Security Commands GRANT privileges REVOKE privileges Privileges include
SELECT DELETE INSERT UPDATE
Objects include Table Table columns (SQL 92+) Query
Users include Name/Group PUBLIC
GRANT INSERTON BicycleTO OrderClerks
REVOKE DELETEON CustomerFROM Assemblers
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Using Queries for Control
Permissions apply to entire table or query.
Use query to grant access to part of a table.
Example Employee table Give all employees read
access to name and phone (phonebook).
Give managers read access to salary.
SQL Grant Revoke
Employee(ID, Name, Phone, Salary)
Query: PhonebookSELECT Name, PhoneFROM Employee
SecurityGrant Read access to Phonebookfor group of Employees.
Grant Read access to Employeefor group of Managers.
Revoke all access to Employeefor everyone else (except Admin).
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Separation of Duties
SupplierID Name…673 Acme Supply772 Basic Tools983 Common X
Supplier
OrderID SupplierID8882 7728893 6738895 009
PurchaseOrder
Referentialintegrity
Clerk must use SupplierID from the Supplier table, and cannot add a new supplier.
Purchasing manager can add new suppliers, but cannot add new orders.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Securing an Access Database
Set up a secure workgroup Create a new Admin user. Enable security by setting a password Remove the original Admin user.
Run the Security Wizard in the database to be secured. Assign user and group access privileges in the new
database. Encrypt the new database. Save it as an MDE file.
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Encryption Protection for open transmissions
Networks The Internet Weak operating systems
Single key Dual key
Protection Authentication
Trap doors / escrow keys U.S. export limits
64 bit key limit Breakable by brute force
Typical hardware:2 weeksSpecial hardware: minutes
Plain textmessage
Encryptedtext
Key: 9837362
Key: 9837362
DES
Encryptedtext
Plain textmessage
DES
Single key: e.g., DES
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Dual Key Encryption
Using Takao’s private key ensures it came from him. Using Makiko’s public key means only she can read it.
Makiko
TakaoPublic Keys
Makiko 29Takao 17
Private Key13
Private Key37
UseTakao’sPublic key
UseTakao’sPrivate key
Message
Message
Encrypt+T
Encrypt+T+M
Encrypt+M
UseMakiko’s
Public key
UseMakiko’s
Private key
Transmission
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Sally’s Pet Store: Security
ManagementSally/CEO
Sales StaffStore managerSales people
Business AlliancesAccountantAttorneySuppliersCustomers
ProductsSalesPurchasesReceive products
AnimalsSalesPurchasesAnimal Healthcare
EmployeesHiring/ReleaseHoursPay checks
AccountsPaymentsReceiptsManagement Reports
Users
Operations
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DDAATTAABBAASSEE
Sally’s Pet Store: Purchases
Purchase Query PurchaseItem QueryPurchaseMerchandiseOrder Supplier Employee City
OrderItem Merchandise
Sally/CEO W/A W/A R: ID, Name R W/A W/AStore Mgr. W/A R* R: ID, Name R A RSales people R R* R: ID, Name R R RAccountant R R* R: ID, Name R R RAttorney - - - - - -Suppliers R R* - R R RCustomers - - - - - -
*Basic Supplier data: ID, Name, Address, Phone, ZipCode, CityID
R: ReadW: WriteA: Add