Post on 07-Jun-2015
DNA
DNA
hereditary information in the form of a large moleculecalled deoxyribonucleic acid
hereditary information in the form of a large moleculecalled deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
RNA
primary transcription enzyme
primary transcription enzyme
Replication
Replication
the process by which DNA copies itself duringinterphase
the process by which DNA copies itself duringinterphase
Transcription
Transcription
the process in which RNA is made from DNA
the process in which RNA is made from DNA
Translation
Translation
the process of converting the genetic code in RNA intothe amino
acid sequence that makes up a protein
the process of converting the genetic code in RNA intothe amino
acid sequence that makes up a protein
DNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNAand
assembles each strand’s complement in replication
an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNAand
assembles each strand’s complement in replication
amino acid
amino acid
a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20monomers thatform proteins
a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20monomers thatform proteins
complementary strand
complementary strand
the strand containing the anti codons opposite to thecodons on RNA
the strand containing the anti codons opposite to thecodons on RNA
adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine
adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine
nitrogen-containing bases that are a component of anucleotide
nitrogen-containing bases that are a component of anucleotide
uracil
uracil
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA
codon
codon
a group of three sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNAmolecule
a group of three sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNAmolecule
anticodon
anticodon
a region of tRNA consisting of three basescomplementary to the
codon of mRNA
a region of tRNA consisting of three basescomplementary to the
codon of mRNA
recombinant DNA
recombinant DNA
a DNA segment from at least two different organisms
a DNA segment from at least two different organisms
plasmids
plasmids
a single ring of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria
a single ring of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria
cloning vectors
cloning vectors
a carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it from oneorganismto another
a carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it from oneorganismto another
restriction enzymes
restriction enzymes
a protein that recognizes specific sequences in a DNAmolecule and cuts it into pieces
a protein that recognizes specific sequences in a DNAmolecule and cuts it into pieces
sticky ends
sticky ends
the single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNAfragment that can
form base pairs with another sticky end of a DNAfragment cut by the same
enzyme
the single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNAfragment that can
form base pairs with another sticky end of a DNAfragment cut by the same
enzyme
gel electrophoresis
gel electrophoresis
technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins bysize
and charge
technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins bysize
and charge
karyotype
karyotype
a picture of an individual’s chromosomes
a picture of an individual’s chromosomes
chromosomal map
chromosomal map
a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome
a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome
mutagen
mutagen
an environmental factor that damages DNA
an environmental factor that damages DNA
point mutations
point mutations
the change of a single nitrogen-containing base withina codon
the change of a single nitrogen-containing base withina codon
nondisjunction
nondisjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separateduring
meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separateduring mitosis
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separateduring
meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separateduring mitosis
monosomy
monosomy
a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosomeof one pair is
missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis
a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosomeof one pair is
missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis
frame shift
frame shift
a mutation that results in the misreading of the codeduring translation because of a change in the reading
frame
a mutation that results in the misreading of the codeduring translation because of a change in the reading
frame
translocation
translocation
a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosomeattaches to a
nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organicmolecules in plant tissues
a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosomeattaches to a
nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organicmolecules in plant tissues
competition
competition
fighting for food, territory, mates, etc.
fighting for food, territory, mates, etc.
survival of the fittest
survival of the fittest
Darwin's theory of how organisms with selective traitssurvive
Darwin's theory of how organisms with selective traitssurvive
acquired traits
acquired traits
traits recieved from hereditary information
traits recieved from hereditary information
overpopulation
overpopulation
too many organisms for amount of resources needed tosurvive
too many organisms for amount of resources needed tosurvive
emigration
emigration
the movement of individuals out of a population
the movement of individuals out of a population
immigration
immigration
the movement of individuals into a population
the movement of individuals into a population
genetic drift
genetic drift
a shift in allele frequencies in a population due tochance
a shift in allele frequencies in a population due tochance
speciation
speciation
the formation of a new species
the formation of a new species
gene pool
gene pool
all the genes for all of the traits in a population
all the genes for all of the traits in a population
gene flow
gene flow
the movement of genes into or out of a population
the movement of genes into or out of a population
coevolution
coevolution
the mutual evolution of two different species interactingwith each
other
the mutual evolution of two different species interactingwith each
other
divergent evolution
divergent evolution
the process of two or more related species becomingmore
and more dissimilar
the process of two or more related species becomingmore
and more dissimilar
convergent evolution
convergent evolution
the process by which unrelated species become moresimilar as they adapt to the same kind of environment
the process by which unrelated species become moresimilar as they adapt to the same kind of environment
adaptive radiation
adaptive radiation
an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolvefrom
a single ancestral species
an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolvefrom
a single ancestral species
homologous
homologous
chromosome one of a pair of morphologically similarchromosomes
OR
similar features that originated in a shared ancestor
chromosome one of a pair of morphologically similarchromosomes
OR
similar features that originated in a shared ancestor
analogous
analogous
in evolution, structures in more than one organism thathave similar appearance and function, but different
embryological origin
in evolution, structures in more than one organism thathave similar appearance and function, but different
embryological origin
vestigial
vestigial
referring to a functionless structure that was functionalin an ancestral
species
referring to a functionless structure that was functionalin an ancestral
species
disruptive
disruptive
a type of natural selection in which individuals with twoextreme forms of a trait have an advantage
a type of natural selection in which individuals with twoextreme forms of a trait have an advantage
stabilizing
stabilizing
a type of natural selection in which the average form ofa
trait causes an organism to have an advantage inreproduction
a type of natural selection in which the average form ofa
trait causes an organism to have an advantage inreproduction
sexual
sexual
the preferential choice of a mate based on a specificphenotypic trait
the preferential choice of a mate based on a specificphenotypic trait
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
just flip:I always remember..
KingPhilipclings
onfavorite
girlscouts
;)
just flip:I always remember..
KingPhilipclings
onfavorite
girlscouts
;)
cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes
photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes
phylogeny
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomicgroup
the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomicgroup
morphology
morphology
the study of the internal and external structure and formof an
organism
the study of the internal and external structure and formof an
organism
domains
domains
in the three-domain system of classification, one ofthree broad groups
that all living things fall into on the basis of rRNAanalysis
in the three-domain system of classification, one ofthree broad groups
that all living things fall into on the basis of rRNAanalysis
HIV
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
reverse transcriptase
reverse transcriptase
an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template
an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template
retrovirus
retrovirus
a virus, such as HIV, that contains RNA and reversetranscriptase
a virus, such as HIV, that contains RNA and reversetranscriptase
bacteriophage
bacteriophage
a virus that infects bacteria
a virus that infects bacteria
pathogens
pathogens
an organism that causes disease
an organism that causes disease
vaccines
vaccines
a solution containing a harmless version of a virus,bacterium, or toxin
that causes an immune response when introduced tothe body
a solution containing a harmless version of a virus,bacterium, or toxin
that causes an immune response when introduced tothe body
lytic cycle
lytic cycle
the replication process of viruses that results in thedestruction of the
host cell
the replication process of viruses that results in thedestruction of the
host cell
lysogenic cycle
lysogenic cycle
the replication process of viruses that allows the virusto live in the host for a long time
the replication process of viruses that allows the virusto live in the host for a long time
helper t cells
helper t cells
a type of T cell that coordinates the immune response
a type of T cell that coordinates the immune response
memory t cells
memory t cells
a specialized white blood cell that protects the bodyfrom
reinfection by a specific pathogen
a specialized white blood cell that protects the bodyfrom
reinfection by a specific pathogen
cytotoxic t cells
cytotoxic t cells
a type of T cell that destroys infected body cells
a type of T cell that destroys infected body cells
macrophages
macrophages
a large white blood cell that engulfs pathogens andcellular debris
a large white blood cell that engulfs pathogens andcellular debris
suppressor t cells
suppressor t cells
a type of T cell that shuts down the immune responseafter
the pathogen has been eliminated
a type of T cell that shuts down the immune responseafter
the pathogen has been eliminated
b cells
b cells
a lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response toantigens
a lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response toantigens
plasma cells
plasma cells
a differentiated B cell that produces antibodies andsecretes theminto the blood
a differentiated B cell that produces antibodies andsecretes theminto the blood
antibiotics
antibiotics
a chemical that can inhibit the growth of some bacteria
a chemical that can inhibit the growth of some bacteria
antigen
antigen
a substance that stimulates an immune response
a substance that stimulates an immune response
histamines
histamines
a kind of cytokine that causes an inflammatoryresponse to an injury
resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
a kind of cytokine that causes an inflammatoryresponse to an injury
resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain
antihistamines
antihistamines
suppresses the bodies portection of histamines
suppresses the bodies portection of histamines
allergens
allergens
a usually harmless antigen in the environment that iscapable of
inducing an allergic reaction
a usually harmless antigen in the environment that iscapable of
inducing an allergic reaction
inflammatory response
inflammatory response
a response in which white blood cells engulf foreignsubstances and body temperature rises
a response in which white blood cells engulf foreignsubstances and body temperature rises
phagocytes
phagocytes
a cell that engages in phagocytosis
a cell that engages in phagocytosis
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs largeparticles orwhole cells
a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs largeparticles orwhole cells
interferon
interferon
a protein produced by the body that inhibits thereproduction of
viruses
a protein produced by the body that inhibits thereproduction of
viruses
chemotropic
chemotropic
plant growth in response to a chemical
plant growth in response to a chemical
heterotrophic
heterotrophic
an organism that obtains organic food molecules byeating other
organisms or their by-products
an organism that obtains organic food molecules byeating other
organisms or their by-products
photosynthetic
photosynthetic
the conversion of light energy into chemical energystored in
organic compounds
the conversion of light energy into chemical energystored in
organic compounds
saprophyte
saprophyte
an organism that feeds on dead organic material
an organism that feeds on dead organic material
parasitic
parasitic
an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense ofanother
an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense ofanother
symbiotic
symbiotic
the relationship between different species living in closeassociation
with one another
the relationship between different species living in closeassociation
with one another
mutualistic
mutualistic
a form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefitfrom livingtogether
a form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefitfrom livingtogether
conjugation
conjugation
the union of two protists to exchange genetic material
the union of two protists to exchange genetic material
gram stain
gram stain
a series of dyes that stain bacteria either purple or pinkaccording
to the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall
a series of dyes that stain bacteria either purple or pinkaccording
to the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall
pili
pili
an appendage that bacteria use to attach to objects
an appendage that bacteria use to attach to objects
flagella
flagella
a hairlike structure made up of microtubules thatfunction inlocomotion
a hairlike structure made up of microtubules thatfunction inlocomotion
cysts
cysts
a resistant, thick-walled structure that encloses andprotects a dormant
organism
a resistant, thick-walled structure that encloses andprotects a dormant
organism
eyespots
eyespots
a localized region of pigment in some invertebrates andprotozoa that
detects changes in the quantity and quality of light
a localized region of pigment in some invertebrates andprotozoa that
detects changes in the quantity and quality of light
vacuoles
vacuoles
a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolicwastes in aplant cell
a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolicwastes in aplant cell
psuedopodia
psuedopodia
a retractile, temporary cytoplasmic extension thatfunctions in
movement in certain ameboid organisms
a retractile, temporary cytoplasmic extension thatfunctions in
movement in certain ameboid organisms
macronucleus
macronucleus
in Paramecia, the larger of the two types of nuclei
in Paramecia, the larger of the two types of nuclei
micronucleus
micronucleus
in Paramecia, the smaller of the two nuclei; involved insexual
reproduction
in Paramecia, the smaller of the two nuclei; involved insexual
reproduction
bilateral symmetry
bilateral symmetry
in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sidesmirror each other
in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sidesmirror each other
radial symmetry
radial symmetry
in animals, an arrangement of body parts around acentral
axis
in animals, an arrangement of body parts around acentral
axis
no symmetry
no symmetry
randomness to the max (my def)
randomness to the max (my def)
dorsal
dorsal
the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
ventral
ventral
the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
anterior
anterior
the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
posterior
posterior
the back end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
the back end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
metamorphosis
metamorphosis
a major change in form that occurs as a larval animaldevelops
into an adult
a major change in form that occurs as a larval animaldevelops
into an adult
larva
larva
an immature form of an organism that ismorphologically distinct from
that of an adult
an immature form of an organism that ismorphologically distinct from
that of an adult
nymph
nymph
an immature form of an insect
an immature form of an insect
chrysalis
chrysalis
the outer covering of a butterfly pupa
the outer covering of a butterfly pupa
cephalization
cephalization
concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at theanterior
end of an organism
concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at theanterior
end of an organism
segmentation
segmentation
division of a body into units
division of a body into units
dorsal nerve cord
dorsal nerve cord
a neural tube dorsal to the notochord
a neural tube dorsal to the notochord
fertilization
fertilization
joining of male and female genetic data
joining of male and female genetic data
zygote
zygote
the diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes
the diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes
meiosis
meiosis
the process of nuclear division that reduces the numberof
chromosomes in a cell by half
the process of nuclear division that reduces the numberof
chromosomes in a cell by half
gastrulation
gastrulation
the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula foldsinward
the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula foldsinward
cleavage
cleavage
the divisions of the zygote immediately followingfertilization
the divisions of the zygote immediately followingfertilization
endoderm
endoderm
the innermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula;develops into
the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract,digestive tract, bladder, and
urethra
the innermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula;develops into
the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract,digestive tract, bladder, and
urethra
mesoderm
mesoderm
a layer of cells in the gastrula that gives rise to musclesand to
interior body linings
a layer of cells in the gastrula that gives rise to musclesand to
interior body linings
ectoderm
ectoderm
the outermost of the three germ layers of the gastrulathat develops
into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the nervoussystem, external sense
organs, and the mucous membranes lining the mouthand anus
the outermost of the three germ layers of the gastrulathat develops
into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the nervoussystem, external sense
organs, and the mucous membranes lining the mouthand anus
deuterostome
deuterostome
an organism in which the blastopore develops into theanus and
the coelom arises by enterocoely and whose embryohas indeterminate
cleavage
an organism in which the blastopore develops into theanus and
the coelom arises by enterocoely and whose embryohas indeterminate
cleavage
exoskeleton
exoskeleton
the hard external covering of some invertebrates thatprovides
protection and support
the hard external covering of some invertebrates thatprovides
protection and support
endoskeleton
endoskeleton
an internal skeleton
an internal skeleton
gemmules
gemmules
an asexual reproductive structure produced by somefreshwatersponges
an asexual reproductive structure produced by somefreshwatersponges
sessiles
sessiles
referring to an organism that attaches firmly to asurface and does not
move
referring to an organism that attaches firmly to asurface and does not
move
spicules
spicules
one of the small, spike-shaped particles of calciumcarbonate or silicon
dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges
one of the small, spike-shaped particles of calciumcarbonate or silicon
dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges
gastrovascular cavity
gastrovascular cavity
a digestive chamber with a single opening found incnidarians, ctenophores, and flatworms
a digestive chamber with a single opening found incnidarians, ctenophores, and flatworms
nerve net
nerve net
a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in thenervous system of
cnidarians
a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in thenervous system of
cnidarians
tentacle
tentacle
a flexible appendage with which an animal feels itsenvironment orgrasps objects
a flexible appendage with which an animal feels itsenvironment orgrasps objects
radula
radula
a rough, tonguelike structure used in feeding by manymollusks
a rough, tonguelike structure used in feeding by manymollusks
mantle
mantle
the epidermal layer of mollusks
the epidermal layer of mollusks
gills
gills
an organ specialized for the exchange of gases withwater
an organ specialized for the exchange of gases withwater
gizzard
gizzard
a muscular region of the digestive tract in birds thatcrushes food
a muscular region of the digestive tract in birds thatcrushes food
setae
setae
one of the external bristles on annelids
one of the external bristles on annelids
nephridia
nephridia
tubule through which some invertebrates eliminatewastes
tubule through which some invertebrates eliminatewastes
clitellum
clitellum
a noticeable swelling around the sex organs of anearthworm during
reproduction
a noticeable swelling around the sex organs of anearthworm during
reproduction
aorta
aorta
the largest artery in the human body; carries blood fromthe left ventricle
to systemic circulation
the largest artery in the human body; carries blood fromthe left ventricle
to systemic circulation
superior vena cava
superior vena cava
the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of thebody
the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of thebody
inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of thebody
the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of thebody
coronary sirculation
coronary sirculation
a subsystem of systemic circulation that supplies bloodto the heart
a subsystem of systemic circulation that supplies bloodto the heart
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary circulation
the movement of blood between the heart and thelungs
the movement of blood between the heart and thelungs
ventricles
ventricles
a lower, and the most muscular, chamber of the heart
a lower, and the most muscular, chamber of the heart
stomach
stomach
an organ that prepares food for absorption by bothphysical and
chemical activities
an organ that prepares food for absorption by bothphysical and
chemical activities
large intestine
large intestine
an organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed
an organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed
colon
colon
the large intestine
the large intestine
small intestine
small intestine
smaller part of intestines that is part of the digestivesystem
smaller part of intestines that is part of the digestivesystem
duodenum
duodenum
the first section of the small intestine
the first section of the small intestine
pepsin
pepsin
digestive enzyme of the stomach
digestive enzyme of the stomach
esophagus
esophagus
a tube connecting the mouth or pharynx to the stomachor crop
a tube connecting the mouth or pharynx to the stomachor crop
cardiac sphincter
cardiac sphincter
a circular muscle located between the esophagus andthe
stomach
a circular muscle located between the esophagus andthe
stomach
spleen
spleen
the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as ablood reservoir,
disintegrates old red blood cells, and produceslymphocytes and plasmids
the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as ablood reservoir,
disintegrates old red blood cells, and produceslymphocytes and plasmids
liver
liver
organ that performs vital metabolic processes includingfiltration of blood,
secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars intoglycogen
organ that performs vital metabolic processes includingfiltration of blood,
secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars intoglycogen
pancreas
pancreas
the organ that lies behind the stomach and producesand secretes
insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes
the organ that lies behind the stomach and producesand secretes
insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes
ileum
ileum
the middle portion of the small intestine
the middle portion of the small intestine