Daily Warm up• Review: • What is the function of stratified columnar? • What is one function of adipose? • Which muscle tissue has many nuclei? • What does the term anatomical position

mean? • There are a lot of components to the human

body: Give an example of how the body is divided?

Daily Warm up

1. What is the dorsal cavity and ventral cavity?

2. The thoracic cavity is broken down into three cavities; what are they? And what is in them?

Daily Warm up

1. What is the general function of the integumentary system?

2. Name the organs of the urinary system.

Organization of Organization of the Human Bodythe Human Body

Body cavities, membranes, organ systems, Body cavities, membranes, organ systems, anatomical terminology, body regionsanatomical terminology, body regions

Chapter 1Chapter 1

EQ: Where are the organs of the body located?

Human body is a complex structure composed of many parts

These parts are divided into Cavities

Membranes within cavities

Variety of organ systems

Divisions Axial Portions

Head

Neck

Trunk

Appendicular Portions Upper limbs

Lower limbs

How is the How is the human body human body

divided?divided?

Into axial and appendicular portionsAxial – head neck trunk

Appendicular – upper and lower extremities

Answer on your white boards…

Axial Portions Cranial Cavity

Vertebral canal

Thoracic Cavity Organs are called viscera

Abdominopelvic Cavity Organs are called viscera

Body Cavities The Axial portion of the body is then

further divided into two major cavities – the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity

Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions: Cranial cavity & Vertebral cavity

Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: - Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9a

Into what two Into what two major cavities is major cavities is the human body the human body

divided?divided?

Dorsal and Ventral cavitiesDorsal – cranial and vertebral cavitiesVentral – Thoracic and Abdomniopelvic

Answer on your white boards…

Dorsal Body Cavities Dorsal cavity

Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain

Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9a

Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial

cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b

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raci

c ca

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What does the What does the thoracic cavity thoracic cavity

contain?contain?

Pleural cavities, mediastinum, & pericardial cavities

Plerual cavities – contains the lungsMediastinum – pericardial cavity, esophagus, trachea, & thymus

Pericardial cavity – contains the heart

Answer on your white boards…

Ventral Body Cavities

The abdominopelvic cavity is The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmcavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisions

Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, kidneys, gallbladder and other organs

Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis enclosed by hip bones and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b

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vity

What does the What does the abdominopelvic abdominopelvic cavity contain?cavity contain?

Abdominal & Pelvic cavitiesAbdominal cavity– contains stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small & large

intestinesPelvic cavity – contains the terminal portion

of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

Answer on your white boards…

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Parietal pleuraParietal pleura lines internal body walls

Visceral pleuraVisceral pleura covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the parietal and visceral pleura

Potential space between the membranes is called the pleural cavity

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10a

Pericardial Membranes

Visceral pericardium – covers the heart

Parietal pericardium – lines the mediastinum

Paricardial cavity – potential space between the membranes

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10b

Peritoneal membranes

Lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal peritonium lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

Visceral peritonium covers the organs of the abdominal cavity

Pertioneal cavity is the potential space between the membranes

What is the difference between parietal membranes

and visceral membranes?

Parietal membrane – lines the walls of the cavities

Visceral membrane – covers the organs

Answer on your white boards…

Cavities within the Head

Oral and digestiveOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

NasalNasal –located within and posterior to the nose

OrbitalOrbital – house the eyes

Middle earMiddle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations

SynovialSynovial – joint cavities

Organ Systems of the Body

Organ Systems

• The human body consists of several organ systems

• Each system has a set of interrelated organs that work together

• They work together to maintain homeostasis

Organ Systems: Body Coverings

Integumentary System

Includes the skin and accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands)

Protect underlying tissue, helps regulate temperature, and synthesize certain products

Skeletal SystemIncludes bones, ligaments,

cartilageProvides frameworks and

protective shields for soft tissue, attachment for muscles, acts with muscles for parts to move, and contains tissues that produce blood cells and store inorganic salts.

Organ Systems: Support and Movement

Muscular System

Includes muscles

Provides forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends

Help to maintain posture and are the main source of body heat

Organ Systems: Support and Movement

Nervous System

Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs

Provides communication between each other and muscles and glands using neurotransmitters

Detects changes inside and outside the body, interprets these changes and responds to information.

Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination

Endocrine SystemIncludes the glands – hypothalamus,

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes pineal and thymus - that secrete chemical messengers called hormones.

Move through body fluids – blood or tissue fluid – to the a certain type of cell, where it changes the metabolism of the cell. Effects are for longer periods of time, as compared to the nervous system.

Organ Systems: Integration and Coordination

Cardiovascular System

Includes heart, arteries, capillaries, and blood

Heart pumps blood through the body

Blood transports gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes

Organ Systems: Transport

Lymphatic SystemIncludes lymphatic vessels, lymph

nodes, thymus, spleen and lymph (fluid)

Closely related to the cardiovascular system

Transports tissue fluid & certain fatty substances to bloodstream

Defends against infections and disease-causing microorganisms and viruses (lymphocytes)

Organ Systems: Transport

Digestive SystemIncludes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary

glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small & larger intestine

Receives food and breaks it down into simple forms to be passed and absorbed

Materials not absorbed are eliminatedCan also produce hormones (An

accessory organ to the endocrine system)

Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion

Respiratory System

Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Move air into and out of the body

Exchanges gases between blood and air

Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion

Urinary System

Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Removes wastes from blood, helps maintain body’s water and salt concentrations

Produces urine

Organ Systems: Absorption and Excretion

Figure 1.7a

Answer on your white boards…

Answer on your white boards…

Answer on your white boards…

Answer on your white boards…

Answer on your white boards…

Answer on your white boards…

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

BODY PLANESObserving the relative locations and organization of the internal body parts requires cutting or

sectioning the body along various planes.

Body PlanesSagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left

parts

Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body Planes Figure 1.8

Activity….

Number of terms designate body regions.

Regional Terms of the Body

Regional Terms: Anterior View

Figure 1.7a

Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b

Abdominopelvic Regions

UmbilicalEpigastricHypogastricRight and left iliac or

inguinalRight and left lumbarRight and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1.11a

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11b

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right upper (RUQ)Left upper (LUQ)Right lower (RLQ)Left lower (LLQ)

Figure 1.12

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• AnatomyAnatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

• PhysiologyPhysiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

• Don’t forget they go together- form effects function and function would influence form.

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

Molecules

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Homeostasis

• HomeostasisHomeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibriuma dynamic state of equilibrium

• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis