Cytoplasm

EndoplasmicReticulum

Ribosomes

NucleusChromosomes Mitochondria

Cell Wall

Schematic of the plasma membrane

http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/programs/reflect/rp/biology/cell_membrane.html

Cell Division:1) Mitosis-ordinary cell division

2) Meiosis-gamete cell division

Mitosis:Ordinary cell division

I. Chromosomes are expanded into longstructures in the nucleus and are invisibleunder the light microscope.

Mitosis:

II. Chromosomes replicate and condense. Withappropriate staining, they can now be seenunder a microscope.

Mitosis:

III. The nuclear wall degrades, spindles formand attach themselves to the chromosomes.

Mitosis:

IV. Spindles pull the chromosome pairs apart,pulling them to opposite poles of the cell.

Mitosis:

V. Nucleus develops around each set ofchromosomes and the cell wall starts to form,splitting the cell.

Mitosis:

VI. Nucleus and cell wall complete developmentand chromosomes expand, giving two daughter cells.

Mitosis:

Meiosis:Cell Division

Generating Gametes

I. As in mitosis, chromosomesreplicate and condense.

Meiosis:

II. Unlike mitosis, the maternal (solid) andpaternal (dotted) chromosomes pair upand exchange genetic material.

Meiosis:

III. Spindles form, attach themselves andpull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell.

Meiosis:

IV. The cell divides.

Meiosis:

V. Spindles form again and pull eachchromosome away from its partner.

Meiosis:

VI. Each cell divides again, reducing the number ofchromosomes to half that of the original cell.

Meiosis:

Cell Workings:Metabolism &

CatabolismKey Concepts:1) Lock & Key2) Cut or Paste

1. Substrate and enzyme 2. bind together, forming asubstrate-enzyme complex.

substrate enzyme

3. A chemical reaction occurs, 4. leaving a product when theenzyme dissociates.

product

Tyrosine

DOPA(dihydroxyphenylalanine)

DA(dopamine)

NE(norepinepherine)

tyrosinehydroxylase

DOPAdecarboxylase

dopamine hydroxylase

Cell Communication:

Key Concepts:1) Lock (Receptor) & Key (Hormones,

Neurotransmitters)2) Dimmer Switch

The Neuron

Dendrites

CellBody

Axon

Terminal

Nucleus

Buttons

Glial Cell

Neurons

© DennisKunkel: www.DennisKunkel.com

http://www.alz.org/brain/05.asp

Neurons

Receptor

Neuro-transmittermolecules

Vesicle

Synaptic Button

PostsynapticNeuron

1. Neuron fires.

2. Vesicles releaseneurotransmitter whichexits the cell.

3. Neurotransmitterbinds with receptorinitiating a cascadeof chemical eventsin the next cell.

PresynapticNeuron

Enzyme

PresynapticReceptor

4. Excess neurotrans-mitter chewed up by enzymesand/or taken back by the neuronwhere it may also be degradedby enzymes.

PostsynapticReceptorNeurotransmitter

Vesicle

Enzyme

http://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/teaching4/largegifs/slide10.gif

http://www.driesen.com/neurotransmitter_processes.jpg

Effects ofneurotransmission:

1) Short term = ion transfer (changes polarity of postsynaptic neuron)

2) Long term = second messenger system (changes proteins, changes dimmer switch)

Receptor

Ions

Ion Channel

EnzymeActivating

Ion Channel

Neurotransmitter

Receptor

Ions

Ion Channel

Second Messenger Molecule

Neurotransmitter

Signal to Cell

ScaffoldingMolecule

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/pathways.html

Raphe nuclei

Serotonin projections from the Raphe

http://www.ariadnegenomics.com/products/pathway-studio/sample-pathways/serotoninr-1/

Serotonin secondmessenger signaling

pathway