Company confidential

100 Years of Radio

Thursday 6th February 2014

Dr Colin Smithers

1914-1934: The Wireless Wave

Company confidential

Agenda

• Major wireless events

• 1914 as a moment in history

• Transmission types

• Spectrum and spectrum management

• Devices and technology

• International competition and IP

• EMC

• Licensing and tax

• The effect of war

• Data pricing

Company confidential

Major wireless events

• 1897 Wireless Telegraph and Signal company Ltd incorporate

– November – Needles ioW – Bournemouth 14.5 miles

– December Needles – ship – 18 miles

• 1898

– June – 1st paid Marconigram

– July – reports of Kingstown regatta for Dublin Daily Express

• 1900

– April - British Patent “7777” – Tuning using Syntonisation

– Dec - Fessenden transmits speech

• 1901

– Fessenden engaged to develop weather station network

– 1st signals cross the Atlantic, received by Marconi

• 1904 Fleming invents Thermionic diode

Company confidential

Major wireless events -cont

• 1905 Ship messages accepted at all British post offices

• 1906 – Dec – Fessenden broadcasts Handel’s Largo

• Lee de Forest invents Audion – Triode – amplification

• 12th Jan 1910 Birth of Broadcasting, Lee de Forest, The

Father of radio

• 1912 – April – Titanic sinks. All survivors listed in NY press

• Laws start to change in mandate ships use of radio

Company confidential

1914 – a snapshot

• 10% of all ships carry wireless – growing rapidly

• Wireless Telegraph stations covered the developed world

• Ships newspaper arrives daily by telegraph

• Transmission are “Damped sparks”

• Professional transmissions up to 200m (1.5MHz)

• Amateur transmissions above (“useless” spectrum)

• Titanic disaster allowed monopolisation by Marconi

– Nearby ships had closed down at 11pm – missing SOS

– Radios not universally fitted – cost, space, manpower

• Production of continuous waves subject of discussion

• “Broadcasting” sporadic

• Anuity rates at 65: Men 14%, Women 10%

Company confidential

The 1914 Transmitter

• Spark transmission the norm

– Power 40W – 5kW

– Efficiency low ~ 10%

– “Damped Wave”

– What was its spectrum?

• Spark = broad

• Single resonator, Q of 20

• Antenna Q of 20

• Spark resulted from transformed AC or DC supply

– 25Hz – 60 Hz = 50-100Hz

– Transformer deliberately leaky – air gap

– Interupter disc added 3-500Hz “note”

» Aided detection – human ear ~10Hz detection bandwidth

Company confidential

1912 transceiver circuit

Company confidential

Rotary disc spark gap

Company confidential

Spark transmitter spectrum

Company confidential

The 1914 Receiver

• Use of Syntony – resonance

• Tuned antenna structure

• Main input tuned circuit

• Variable coupling to exchange senstivity and selectivity

• Detector

– Coherer

– Magnetic

– Crystal – many types

– Thermionic diode – novel

Company confidential

Company confidential

Company confidential

1909 receiver

Company confidential

1912 detector board

Company confidential

1912 Semiconductor technology

• Peroxide of Lead –

• Perikon - this is a detector that uses two different minerals,

usually zincite and chalcopyrite, in contact with each other for

detection.

• Iron Pyrite- a single mineral detector that, at the time, was

thought to be easy to use and fairly sensitive.

• Carborundum

Company confidential

The International Convention, London, July 1910

• Article 3 – bound to exchange..reciprocally..regardless of type

• Article 4 - NO JAMMING

• Article 10 – Allowable charges:Coast, ship, land, relays

• Organisation of Stations

– Art 1 Up to date

– Art 2

• 600m (normal) and 300m: general correspondence

• 1800m for long range

• 150m for radio location

– Art 7

• Minimum power necessary

• As little damping as possible

• NO sparks only to the aerial (except SOS)

• 20WPM min

• High selectiviy rx

Company confidential

1910 Convention - cont

– SII, Art 14

• Ship first

• Call only if within range

• Listen before transmit

• Use calling channel

• Cease upon request by coast station

• Formal close down

– SS II, Art 28

• Distance, in miles

• Position

• Next port

• Numer of messages

• Queuing information

Company confidential

1910 Convention - cont

– Navigation act (Aus) 1912

• All ships carrying 50 or more:

– Must be able to transit 100miles, day and night

– Must pass messages if asked

– 6 hours back-up power

– Have a sound-proof radio room

• Penalty £1,000 (= £20,000)

Company confidential

Achievements by 1915

• Spark CW

• Modulated CW

• AM

– Rotary transmitter (max 100kHz 3kW)

– Arc

• FDM

• TDM

• SSB AM

• Duplication of letters – early teletype

• Obstacle detection for ships – radar

• Frequency Hopping – “Change Tune” (1912)

• Protocol!

Company confidential

Poulsen 1MW Arc transmitter 1920

Company confidential

Military

• 1914 UK cut German lines of communications

• Germans cut British lines to colonies through Turkey

• Marconi building furiously to re-connect Empire

• 1916 Levy – supersonic modulation of carrier - secrecy

• Frequency hopping “Change Tune”

• Tx ban 1917 – 1919

• Admiralty Room 40 – decryption

– German inducement to Mexico

– Promised Texas, new Mexico and Arizona

– Brought US into WW1

Company confidential

Company confidential

Company confidential

Company confidential

Knowledge of propagation

• Inverse square law of radiation 1604

• Applied to wireless

– Diffraction does not explain

• 1902 iononsphere - Heaviside layer

• 1910 Skywaves

• Ionisation by sun-rays

– Day - night differences

• Knowledge of SW propagation starts 1923

Company confidential

Patent wars

• Fessenden 500 patents. Fight with RCA

• US grabs all wireless patents 1917

• Gave them all to RCA 1919

• Regeneration

– De Forest 1914

– Armstrong 1916

– Fight in supreme court lasted 12 years. Remains controversial

• Armstrong v RCA

– 90% of his life spent on this!

– Arguably caused his suicide

– David Sarnof “I did not kill Armstrong”

Company confidential

Circa 1920 De Forrest with two valves

Company confidential

Wireless patents in force 1897-1912

Company confidential

Advances during the 1920’s

• 1924 - Data bandwidth

• Boradcasting

• Licencing of key patents

– Regeneration

– Superheterodyne

• Hiding by immersion in wax

• Tax

– Receiver licence

– Rated by number of valves

– Leads to combined valves

Company confidential

Shipboard radio room

Company confidential

1920 shipboard receiver

Company confidential

1920 army receiver

Company confidential

1920 receiver circuit

Company confidential

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Annualised production

Annualised production

Company confidential

Steinway village

Company confidential

Company confidential

Wireless data: 1914-2014

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020

£/Mbit

Year

M2M

SMS

3G/4G

Company confidential

Transmission mode lifetimes

AM 1920 2014 94

SSB 1930 2014 84

Analogue TV 1936 2010 74

CW 1920 1990 70

FM broadcast 1955 2014 59

TELEX 1933 1990 57

OFDM 1957 2014 57

2G 1990 2014 24

AMPS 1978 2000 22

Spark 1900 1920 20

PHS 1995 2011 16

TACS 1985 2000 15

CT2 1986 1996 10

Company confidential

End

The Wireless War

Did Wireless cause the Second World War?

Vatican Radio February 11 1931

Pope Pius II and Marconi

Vatican Radio

Two shortwave frequencies using 10 kilowatts of power

1933, permanent microwave link between the Vatican

Palace and Castel Gandolfo

1936 ITU recognised Vatican Radio as a special case

and authorized its broadcasting without any geographical

limits.

1937, upgraded with a 25 kW transmitter and two

directional antennas

George V Christmas Message

1932

Sandringham connected to the Empire Broadcasting Station at Daventry

Six short-wave transmitters reaching an audience of 20 million in

Australia, Canada, India, Kenya and South Africa.

"I speak now from my home and from my heart to you all; to men and

women so cut off by the snows, the desert, or the sea, that only voices

out of the air can reach them.“ Rudyard Kipling

1933 Droitwich long wave transmitter replaced Daventry

5XX equipment.

November 1936 BBC started the world’s first high

definition television (405 line) service from Alexandra

Place transmitting in VHF band 1 from 47 to 88 MHz

Marconi Emitron camera 1936 George V1 Coronation

1936 and addresses the nation on the outbreak of war

1936

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fireside Chats 1933 to 1944

Fireside Chat on Banking, March 12th, 1933

Mussolini’s microphone

Nuremberg 1934 Hitler’s Neumann microphone

160,000 Germans 1934 Nuremberg

Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph des Willens (1935; Triumph

of the Will),

Olympics 1936

Was it all Hitler’s fault?

History seen through the looking glass of the post war

Nuremberg Trials – the war had to be all Hitler’s fault for

the prosecutions to be valid

Hitler’s army, navy and air force unprepared in 1939

Invaded Austria by accident - 70% of the German tanks

broke down between the border and Vienna

Poland the first time Hitler’s bluff had been called in ten

years

Did wireless win the war?

The valve that won the war?

High gain low capacitance series of all glass

valves for television receivers in areas with weak

reception

The radio that won the war?

WS19 Pye dual band wireless set

1939 German infantry using short wave for back to base communications and

VHF for short range

Dual band short wave/VHF radio developed as a response

Radar?

High gain broadband 45 MHz IF amplifiers, borrowed

from a pre war TV receiver

The aeroplane that won the war?

1931 Lady Lucy Houston professional dancer and

chorus girl donates £100,000 to the Super Marine

Aircraft Company to win the Sneider Trophy at 600 kph

The Grace Spitfire – shot the first German aircraft down

over the Normandy beaches in June 1944

The voice that won the war?

‘We shall fight them on the beaches;

we shall fight them in the hills’

TV and long wave radio broadcasting

suspended during the war and

medium wave reconfigured to make it

harder to use as a homing beacon for

German bombing raids

Cicero 100 BC

‘The sinews of war… a limitless supply of money’

Victory goes to the side that makes fewest mistakes.

If it hadn't been for Wellington we would all be speaking French

If it hadn't been for Hitler we would all be speaking German

Hitler’s catastrophic faith in cryptography but biggest mistake

declaring war on Russia and America- the world’s two largest

economic powers

Churchill – ‘America can always be relied upon to do the right thing,

having exhausted all other alternatives’

Post war two way radio – The MG years

Police radio – wearable wireless

http://www.rttonline.com/wirelessheritage.html

1945 - 1974

The Cold War

“Wireless goes Underground”

The impact of Radio Development during the Cold War period

Broadcast Radio

Military and Space Radio

Covert and “spy” radio

Changes in technology

• Component size

• Power Usage

• Weight

• Robustness

Impacts on technology

• Networking receivers and transmitters

– Linked systems

• New / improved Modulation techniques

– Movement of information

– Speech, Data and images

– Radio to provide Command and Control

Broadcast Radio

• International propaganda

– Government controlled Shortwave AM radio

– Selective programme material with the “right” message for the consumer

– World-wide, High Power Networks targeted to specific geography

Hours per week of Broadcast

Broadcaster 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1996[2]

Voice of America VOA 497 1,495 1,907 1,901 2,611 1,821

China Radio 66 687 1,267 1,350 1,515 1,620

BBC World Service 643 589 723 719 796 1,036

Radio Moscow 533 1,015 1,908 2,094 1,876 726

Broadcast Radio Technology

• Jamming• Technology Developments

– Antenna systems– Power Amplifiers

• 1950s : 100 kW • 1960s : 200 kW, early 1960s (2 x

100 kW 'twinned') • 1970s : 300 kW, but many

250 kW transmitters sold • 1980s : 500 kW sometimes

transmitters were "doubled up" to produce 1000 kW output

– Programme material distribution to relays

Broadcast Radio - domestic

• LW and MW– 200KHz Later 198KHz – BBC – “Letter of Last Resort”– Domestic consumption

• VHF FM national and local– 1955 - Government regulated – BBC only– 1967 – Local BBC radio starts in Leicester– 1973 - First Commercial Radio Station – Radio London

• Pirate Radio– Off shore, Commercial funding, un-regulated– 1964 – First Pirate station “Radio Caroline”

• BBC PAWN Bunker Wood Norton near Evesham– 1966, four radio studios and accommodation for 100 staff– Nuclear attack - provide the population with instructions, information,

guidance, news and Central Government announcements.– 100 days worth of programmes were ready to play

Military Radio in the Cold War

• The threat of nuclear war increases

• Under ground command and control bunkers

Radar ControlRegional Government HQ2 or 3 underground levels600 people3 months food, water, fuelBBC studioRadio communication links- VHF with LF shortwaveEMP problemsTeleprinter + phone links

Military Radio in the Cold War

• Long range aircraft strikes

– 1957 HF Single Sideband (SSB) - SAC – Collins Radio

– High stability Oscillators

– HF communication sites -

• Underwater launched missiles

– VLF – low data rates

• Intercontinental Missile control

– Nuclear EMP

Military Radio in the Cold war

• Over the Horizon radar

• Cobra Mist

– at Orford Ness, Suffolk

– $100-150M

• USSR Woodpecker

Covert Radio

• MCR-1 – 1943 Receiver

– SOE

– valve receiver

• Type A Mk3– 1945

– Valve transceiver

– Resistance

– SOE

– Parachute variant

Covert Radio

• Mk 122 – early 1950s

– Agents and special forces

– valve transmitter and receiver, cw only

• Mk128– Mid 1950s

– Valve – 1W TX

– Used by SAS in Malaysia and Oman

Covert Radio

• Type 301 Receiver– 1954 valve,

– Spy and special forces

• 328R Receiver – 1970 transistor

– special forces

Covert Radio

• Mk 123

• 1956

• MI6

• Valve

• Leave behind equipment

Coded Messages and speech encryption

• High Speed CW (morse code)

• Burst transmissions

• Data

• Numbers Stations

1974 to 1994 - Radio gets personal

Nigel Linge

Professor of Telecommunications

@nigellinge

www.engagingwithcommunications.com

G6BVF

AGENDA

Radio

Television

Military Communications

Satellite Navigation

Radiopaging

The Mobile phone

• 1973: Legal commercial broadcasting began in UK

• 1976: 20 independent local radio stations

• 1978: new international frequency plan for AM bands

• 1978: BBC re-organises its AM frequencies

• 1983: FM band extended to include 97.7 to 108 MHz

• 1983: regional programmes on Radio 4 FM ended

• 1987: FM band further extended down to 87.6 MHz

• 1992: Classic FM and Virgin Radio started

•1990s: Simultaneous AM/FM transmissions cease and FM

becomes dominant for UK radio listeners

Domestic Radio

- The rise of FM

FM was initially transmitted using horizontal polarisation – not

ideal for vertical car aerials

• 1980s: BBC converted its FM transmitters to mixed

polarisation

• 1980s: FM became standard on portable radios but

optional on car radios

• 1990s: FM becomes standard on car radios

The car radio remains the dominant device for listening to

radio. Ofcom CMR 2013

The Car Radio

The Car Radio

• 1980s: Growth in FM brings more stereo

transmissions

• 1974: European Broadcasting Union –

• system for automatic radio tuning on FM

• 1984: First specification for the Radio Data

System (RDS)

• 1987: BBC trials RDS

• 1988 : BBC launches RDS on FM

Improving the listener

experience

Personal radios

• 1973: Illegal use using equipment

imported from the USA (27MHz)

•1978: EMI Film “Convoy” popularises CB

•1981: CB Legalised in the UK (2nd November).

Imported USA CB equipment was made illegal. People had

to buy a £15 licence from the Post Office.

UK system was also on 27MHz band but at a slightly

different frequency range than used in the USA.

8th December 2006 – Ofcom made CB licence free

Citizens Band Radio

• 1979: Experimental Nicam 1 transmission of Elton John

concert from Moscow’s Rossyia Hall 28th May)

• 1985: 405 Line TV transmissions cease

• 1988: Launch of Astra 1A Satellite

• 1989: Astra1A starts broadcasting (5th February) - Sky

• 1990: BSB Launches its 5 channel service

• 1990: Sky Movies is encrypted as a subscription service

• 1991: BBC TV officially launches its Nicam service on

terrestrial TV (31st August)

Television

Military Communications

• 1965: General Staff Requirement

• Racal, Mullard and Plessey develop the

Clansman system

• Replaced Larkspur

• Became the standard for British Forces from

1976 (until 2008)

• Offered Single Side Band and NarrowBand

Frequency Modulation, HF, UHF and VHF

• Clansman family comprised 9 units: 3 for

vehicles, 6 for foot soldiers

• 1970s: LORAN

• 1978: First experimental Block 1 GPS satellite

• 1983: Shooting down of Korean Airline (Flight 007)

prompts President Reagan to offer GPS for civilian use

• 1985: 10 more Block 1 satellites in orbit

• 1989: First of the GPS Block 2 satellites launched

• 1990-91: Gulf War – first conflict to use GPS

• 1994: 24th GPS Block 2 satellite operational

Satellite Navigation

Radiopaging• 1975: Post Office Code Standardisation

Advisory Group (POCSAG) developed Paging Code

form earlier work by Philips.

• 1977: January – GPO extends its Radiopaging service to

London (800 square miles centred on Farringdon)

• 1977: July – 3,000 customers using the service

• 1981: Nationwide coverage achieved.

• 1990s: Decline in usage begins with emergence of mobiles

Operators: BTCellnet Paging / Mercury Paging Ltd /

Vodafone Paging / HutchisonPaging

(105 to 170MHz and 450 to 470 MHz )

Foundations of Mobile• 1947: D H Ring, Bell Labs, “Mobile Telephony – Wide Area

Coverage”

• BUT it was the car radio telephone service that evolved.

• UK: the GPO introduced a 50 channel system using

Stornophone equipment which was enhanced further in

1983 with automated connections. The Public Radio

Telephone System Four (PRT4) was the final iteration.

• Radio ‘zone’ concept first trialled in 1969 using payphones

on the Metroliner train service between New York and

Washington.

• 3rd April 1973 – Motorola develop the world’s first handheld

‘cell’ phone.

Foundations of Mobile

The Mobile Network• FCC approval was slow.

• In 1975 Bell Systems were permitted to begin a trial

• In 1977 the FCC approved AT&T to offer a service in

Chicago.

• Trials also conducted in Stockholm in 1977 (NMT) and

Japan in 1975 (NTT).

• Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMT450) began

operating in Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway in

1981.

• 12th October 1983, first USA commercial cellular service

opened in Chicago using the Advanced Mobile Phone

service (AMPS).

UK ETACS Networks• 1982: UK Government announces two licences

• One to BT – creates BT Cellnet; one open to competiton

• Second licence awarded to Vodafone

• Development of AMPS – Total Access Communication

System (TACS).

• 890-905MHz and 935-950MHz. Giving 600 x 25kHz

analogue channels

• Later extended to 872-905MHz and 917-950MHz to give

1320 x 25kHz analogue channels. (ETACS)

UK Launch

1st January 1985 7th January 1985

?

What mobile phone

did he use

?

First Generation Handsets

Nokia Mobira Talkman Motorola 8500X Nokia Mobira Cityman

1320

Iconic Designs . . .

Motorola MicroTAC

(1989)

Nokia 101

(1992)

Motorola StarTAC

(1996)

Telepoint• 28th July 1988 Lord Young announces

plans to issue 4 licences for Telepoint

services.

• 864.1 to 868.1MHz, mean output power of 10mW,

giving an operating range of typically 150m.

• Phonepoint (BT) became the world's first Telepoint

service when it was launched in August 1989.

• Zonephone and Callpoint launched in 1989.

• 21st May 1992, Rabbit (Hutchison) launched using CT2

standard.

• Closed on 31st December 1993.

Seeking a European standard• 1986 - 100,000 mobile phone subscribers within the UK

• 1987 – 200,000

• 1995 – 7% of the UK population

BUT everything stopped at the English Channel and costs

of ownership remained high.

7th September 1987 – EU Memorandum of Understanding

on the implementation of a Pan-European 900 MHz Digital

Cellular Mobile Telecommunications Service by 1991.

Chris Gent, Vodafone, “The most important document in

the history of the mobile phone.”

Analogue becomes Digital

• Finnish Prime Minister Harri Holkeri

inaugurates the world’s first GSM

network – the Radiolinja network in

Finland - on 1st July 1991.

• The story of GSM and its onward

evolution is covered by the next

presentation.

Thank you

CW Wireless Heritage SIG "1994 to 2014: Mass consumer cellular and the mobile

broadband revolution" - Broadband radio, digital radio,

smart phone and smart networks.

Andy Sutton

Visiting Professor

Department of Computing, Science and Engineering

1

• GSM900 and DCS1800 (2G)

• From voice and text to data and multi-media

on the move

• TETRA

• UMTS and that auction! (3G)

• 3G evolution, high speed packet access

• Not just cellular, digital broadcasting,

Bluetooth, NFC, GNSS, WiFi…

• LTE (4G)

• Mobile broadband use cases

• LTE-Advanced, true 4G mobile broadband

Agenda

2

• 1980: Conservative Government pursued two parallel policy objectives –

privatisation and liberalisation, both would play a role in shaping the UK

telecommunications landscape

• 1989: The UK Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) produced a document

‘Phones on the Move’ that first proposed PCN (Personal Communications

Networks (later known as DCS 1800 and subsequently GSM 1800) networks

to operate in the 1800MHz frequency band

• July 1992: Vodafone launched the Country's first GSM900 network

• September 1993: Mercury one2one launched the Country’s first DCS1800

network (later became GSM1800) – The first 1800MHz network in the World

• December 1993: Cellnet launched their GSM900 network

• April 1994: Orange launched their DCS1800 network (later became

GSM1800)

GSM timeline in the UK

3

• 1980: Conservative Government pursued two parallel policy objectives –

privatisation and liberalisation, both would play a role in shaping the UK

telecommunications landscape

• 1989: The UK Department of Trade & Industry (DTI) produced a document

‘Phones on the Move’ that first proposed PCN (Personal Communications

Networks (later known as DCS 1800 and subsequently GSM 1800) networks

to operate in the 1800MHz frequency band

• July 1992: Vodafone launched the Country's first GSM900 network

• September 1993: Mercury one2one launched the Country’s first DCS1800

network (later became GSM1800) – The first 1800MHz network in the World

• December 1993: Cellnet launched their GSM900 network

• April 1994: Orange launched their DCS1800 network (later became

GSM1800)

GSM timeline in the UK

4

4 UK GSM operators

5 Vodafone Group information source:

http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/investors/annual_reports/annual_report_accounts_1992.pdf

GSM installations

6

GSM installations

7

Macro-cell sites

8

• Non of these are original equipment's from the 1992/93/94 launch networks,

these are upgraded base stations, later generations of equipment…

Micro-cell sites

9

Two GSM transceivers = typically 14

voice channels + control channels

One GSM transceiver = typically 7

voice channels + control channel

Core network

10

DCS1800 (later GSM1800)

11 Siemens m200 & Motorola m300

Nokia 2140

Motorola mr1

Data

12

Nokia 2140 with CS data card (9k6)

Nokia HSCSD data card (28k8)

Option GPRS data card

CSD - HSCSD - GPRS - EDGE

13

Ericsson

R380

Nokia 9210

Nokia 7110

Nokia 6230i

Smartphones…

14

Blackberry

• Designed and Manufactured

by RIM (Research In Motion)

• First model came to market in

1999

• Integrate with enterprise

email via BES (Blackberry

Enterprise Server)

• Integrated security

• GSM/GPRS

Apple iPhone

• On January 9, 2007 Steve

Jobs announced the iPhone

at the Macworld convention

• On June 29, 2007 the first

iPhone was released

• Networks competed for the

iPhone - a very new business

model… o2 network in UK

• GSM/GPRS

Nokia dominated the GSM

market

15

Nokia 1011 Nokia 2140 Nokia 3210e Nokia 6230i

• Trans European Trunked Radio Access

• Standardised by ETSI in 1995

• TETRA uses TDMA with four user channels on one radio carrier

and 25 kHz spacing between carriers

• Both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transfer can be used

• Digital data transmission is also included in the standard though

at a low data rate

• Commercial networks failed in the UK due to the rise of cellular

• UK Emergency services network – Airwave

• Transport for London and some airports

TETRA

16

UMTS timeline

17

• 1991 – ETSI establishes SMG5 to develop standards for UMTS

• 1992 – Global radio frequencies are reserved for UMTS

• (92/93/94 – UK GSM networks launch)

• 1998 – ETSI & ARIB unite to form 3GPP

• 1999 – 3GPP published first version of UMTS standards (R99)

• 2000 – UK Spectrum auction

• 2001 – NTT DoCoMo launches the World’s first WCDMA network

• 2003 – First UMTS networks launch in UK

• In the year 2000 an auction was held for spectrum in the

2100MHz band, this band was to support the new 3G technology

• The outcome of the auction was 5 awards:

– Licence A – TIW (H3G) at a cost of £4,384,700,000

– Licence B – Vodafone at a cost of £5,964,000,000

– Licence C – BT at a cost of £4,030,100,000

– Licence D – One2One at a cost of £4,003,600,000

– Licence E – Orange at a cost of £4,095,000,000

• A total of £22,477,400,000 was raised for the UK treasury

3G, an expensive gamble…

18

A new operator…

19

20

WCDMA (Wideband

Code Division

Multiple Access)

NodeB and RNC,

introduction of ATM

(Asynchronous

Transfer Mode)

Building 3G networks

Hello mobile broadband…

21

384kbps downlink DCH

64kbps uplink DCH

Nokia 7600 Nokia 6650

NEC e606

3G phones

22

NEC e606 Motorola V975

LG U8110 LG U8800

Nokia 6680 Nokia N73

Smarter devices and apps…

23

• Bluetooth SIG formed in 1998 with 5 member

companies, this increased to 400 by the end of the

year with over 20,000 member companies now!

• During 2013 Cumulative Bluetooth® product

shipments surpass 2.5 billion*

• NFC is enabling the digital wallet

• GPS (and GNSS in general) enables mapping and

location based services

• WiFi (WLAN) has evolved at great pace with new

standards from the IEEE

Not just cellular radio…

24 *ABI Research

Digital terrestrial broadcasting

25

4G, a game changer…

26

MME

eNB

SAE

GW

eNB

PDN

GW

eNB

IP Services

Internet

IMS etc.

PCRF

S1-U

X2

X2

S1-C

S5

S11

Gx+

(S7)

SGi

Rx+

Control Plane

User Plane

What is LTE?

• A work group established within 3GPP

• The next step in the evolution of 3GPP radio interface to deliver “Global

Mobile Broadband”

• A plan first conceived in 2004 that’s

• Based on clearly defined performance targets

• Based on clearly defined economic targets

• Based on improved use of the radio spectrum

• Based on simplified system design

Flexible channel

BW allocation,

OFDMA, flexible

resource

scheduling,

MIMO antenna

systems,

Het-Nets…

All IP network,

Ethernet

interfaces,

No circuit

switching, IMS,

VoIP, RCSe,

Broadcast and

multicast…

21st August 2012

27

UK’s first 4G network

28

30.10.12

LIFT OFF

LTE1800

Turning heads…

29

Another auction

30

• The award of 800 and 2600MHz spectrum resulted in the launch

of 4G networks for O2, Vodafone and Three while BT also

acquired spectrum in the 2600MHz band

Rural broadband

31

LTE-Advanced

Carrier Aggregation

32

• CA consists of

Component

Carriers(CC).

• CC are either

intra-band

(contiguous &

non-contiguous)

or inter-band.

• Current focus

on downlink

• We’ve gone digital…

• We’ve evolved to wideband radio

systems such as WCDMA and

more recently LTE with OFDMA

• During this period mobile phones

have evolved into handheld

computers with full multi-media

capabilities

• 2G, 3G & 4G will likely co-exist for

many years however the future is

4G with 5G coming along as and

when appropriate…

Summary

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Thank You!

Any question?

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