CTEP - UNIT - II - MASONRY

MMAASSOONNRRYY

BY K.R.SHANKAR M.E.,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EBET GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS TRIPPUR DISTRICT

TAMUL NADU, INDIA – 638108 Email ID – krs.civil@ebet.edu.in

MASONRYDEFINITION:

The construction of building units bonded with mortar.

TYPES:Stone MasonryBrick MasonryHollow Concrete Block MasonryReinforced Brick MasonryComposite Masonry 2

TERMS IN

MASONRY CTEP

• Course : It is a horizontal layer of masonry

unit. The thickness of course is equal to

thickness of stone or brick plus one mortar

joint.

• Header : The shorter face of the brick or

stone.

• Stretcher : The longest face of the brick or

stone.4

• Header Course : A course of brick or stone in

which all bricks are laid in header.

• Stretcher Course : A course of brick or stone

in which all bricks are laid in stretcher.

• Bed : This is lower surface of brick or stone in

each course.

• Bond : A systematically overlapping or

alternating arrangement of bricks or stones in

a wall

• Quoins : Quoins are masonry blocks at the

corner of a wall.

• Face : It is surface of wall exposed to weather.

• Back : It is inner surface of wall not exposed to

weather.

• Facing : The materials used in the face of the wall is

known as facing.

• Hearting : The inner portion of wall between facing

and backing.

• Frog: It is an indentation or depression on the top

face of a brick made with the object of forming a key

for the mortars.

• JOINT : The junction of adjacent units of brick

or stones.

• Closer: It is the portion of the brick cut length

wise in such a manner that its one long face

remains uncut.

• Queen closer: It is the portion of brick obtained

by cutting a brick length wise into two portions.

• King Closer: These are the portions of a brick

obtained by cutting off the triangular piece

between the centre of one end and the centre of

one side.11

• Bevelled Closer: It is that portion of a brick in

which the whole length of the brick is bevelled

for maintaining half width at one end and full

width art the other.

• Mitred Closer: It is a brick whose one end is

cut splayed or mitred for full width. The angle

of splay may vary from 45° to 60°.12

• Bats: it is the portion of brick cut across

the width.

• Through Stone: A bond stone that

extends through the full thickness of a wall.

• Sill: it is a horizontal member of stone, concrete or wood,

employed for the purpose of shedding off rain water from

the face of wall immediately below the window opening.

• Lintel: it is a horizontal member of stone, brick, wood,

iron or RCC used to support the masonry or load above an

opening.

• Plinth: It is the horizontal course of stone or brick

provided at the base of the wall above ground

level. It indicates the height of the ground level

above the natural ground level. It protects the

building from dampness.

• Plinth Course: It is the top most course of the

plinth masonry. 19

• String Course: It is a horizontal projecting course of

masonry projecting out of the face of the wall for

shedding rain water off the face. It imparts an aesthetic

appearance to the structure and is generally provided at

every floor level.

• Blocking Course: It is a top most course of stone

masonry provided immediately above the cornice to

prevent the tendency of the cornice to overturn. It also

adds to the aesthetics of the cornice. 21

• Jambs: These are the vertical sides of an opening for doors

and windows. These may be plain or splayed or may be

provided with recesses to receive the frames of doors and

windows.

• Reveals: These are exposed vertical surfaces left on the sides

of an opening after the door or window frame had been fitted

in position.

• Cornice: It is a projecting ornamental course near the top of a

building or at the junction of a wall and ceiling.

• Coping: It is a course placed upon the exposed top

of an external wall to prevent the seepage of water.

• Corbel: It is the extension of one or more course of

stone or brick from the face of a wall to serve as a

support for wall plates.

• Toothing: Bricks alternately projecting at the end

of a wall, in order to be bonded into a continuation

of it when the remainder is carried up.

BRICK MASONRY

What is Brick Masonry?

Brick masonry is made of brick

units bonded together with

mortar

TYPES OF BOND IN BRICK MASONRY

1. Header Bond:

In this all bricks are laid as headers on the faces

of wall

Used when wall thickness = 1 brick size

Overlap = ½ width of brick

It is achieved by providing ¾ Bat in alternate

courses as quoins

Not suitable for load bearing walls

Used in curved walls and footing construction34

2. Stretcher Bond:

In this all bricks are laid as Stretchers on the

faces of wall

Used when wall thickness = ½ brick size

Used as cavity walls, partition walls, division

walls, chimney stacks, etc.,36

3. English Bond:

Alternative courses of headers and stretchers

Each alternate header should be centrally

placed over a stretcher

Queen closer will be provided after quoin

header

No continuous vertical joints

Wall thickness = 2,4,6.. X half brick, both faces

of wall will have same appearance

Wall thickness = 1,3,5.. X half brick, same

course will have headers on one face and

stretcher on other face of wall

Hearting of thicker walls should have only

headers in them.

Most widely used bond.

Heavy load carrying capacity.

Uses of bats is avoided. 39

4. Double Flemish Bond:

Every course consist of header and stretcher alternately

Facing and backing of a course will have same appearance

Queen closer will be provided after quoin headers in

alternate course

Wall thickness = 1,3,5.. X half brick, ½ bats and ¾ bats are

Wall thickness = 2,4,6.. X half brick, no bats are used

Better appearance than English bond.

5. Single Flemish Bond:

Double Flemish bond in facing & English bond

in backing and hearting in each course

It uses strength of English bond and

appearance of Flemish bond

Used only when wall thickness = 1.5 brick

(min.)

Good quality bricks in facing

Cheaper bricks in backing and hearting47

6. English Cross Bond :

Modification of English bond

Combines both beauty and strength

Alternate header and stretcher courses

Queen closer placed near quoin header

A Header is introduced near quoin stretcher in

alternate course49

7. Brick on Edge Bond:

Alternate header and stretcher course are laid

Header as bed & stretcher on edges of wall

So it forms continuous cavity throughout

length

Its is also called Sliverlock's bond or Cavity

Used in compound walls, garden walls,

boundary walls, etc.,51

8. Dutch Bond:

Another Modification of English bond

Alternate header and stretcher courses

Every stretcher course starts with ¾ bats as

In that course, header also provided next to

¾ bats53

9. Raking Bond:

Bricks are placed inclination to the direction of

Between external stretchers course

Raking should be in opposite direction in

alternate courses

Provided between 4 to 8 courses in height of wall

Used in thick walls

Wall thickness = 2,4,6.. X half brick

(i) Diagonal bond:

Bricks are arranged at 45° to stretcher course

Triangular pieces are used near the sides

Suitable for wall thickness = 2 to 4 bricks

(ii) Herring Bone Bond:

Bricks are arranged at 45° in two opposite direction

from centre of wall

Suitable for wall thickness = > 4 bricks

Used in ornamental finish of face work and brick

flooring

10. Zig-Zag Bond:

It is like Herring bone bond

Laid in the Zigzag Manner

Used in the ornamental Panels in brick flooring

11.a English Garden Wall Bond:

Header course is placed only after 3 to 5

stretcher courses

In that course Queen closer placed near quoin

header

Quoin header placed alternatively in stretcher

course59

11.b Flemish Garden Wall Bond:

A Header is placed after 3 to 5 stretcher in all

courses throughout length

Each alternate course will have ¾ bats after

quoin header and a header is placed after ¾ bats

It is also called Scotch bond or Sussex bond61

11.c Garden Wall Monk bond:

A Header is placed after 2 stretcher in all

courses throughout length

Each alternate course will have ¾ bats after

quoin header

Points to be considered in Brick Masonry

Brick should be Uniform in size

Bricks must be soaked in water before use

Uniform Lapping is must

Lap = ¼ Brick along Length of wall

Lap = ½ Brick along thickness of wall

Use of Bats must be reduced

Vertical joints must be in same prepend

As for as possible brick work should raised

uniformly throughout length

Height of masonry construction in a day is restricted

to 1.5 m

After brickwork it must be watered for 1 to 2 weeks

Single scaffolding must be used.

For scaffolding only headers have to be removed

Stretchers are used only in facing

Hearting must done only with headers66

STONE MASONRY

What is stone masonry?

Stone masonry is made of stone units bonded together with mortar

Classification of Stone Masonry

RUBBLE MASONRY

• The stone masonry in which either undressed

or roughly dressed stones are laid is called

"Rubble masonry".

• In this masonry, the joints of mortar are not

of uniform thickness.

1. Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry

• In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the courses are

not maintained regularly.

• Larger stones are used at corners and at jambs to

increase their strength.

• In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely

different sizes.

• This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry.

• This type of masonry is used for constructing walls of

low height in case of ordinary buildings 71

2. Coursed Random Rubble Masonry

• In coursed random rubble masonry, the masonry work is

carried out in courses such that the stones in a particular

course are of equal height.

• In this type of masonry, the work is roughly levelled up

to form courses, varying from 12 to 18 inch thick.

• In each course, headers of one course height are placed at

certain intervals.

• This type of masonry is used to construct residential

buildings, godowns, boundary walls, etc., 74

3. Uncoursed Square Rubble Masonry• In the uncoursed square rubble masonry, the different

sizes of stones having straight edges and sides are

arranged on face in several irregular patterns.

• In this type of masonry, stones having straight bed and

sides are used.

• In this type of squared rubble masonry, the stones are

roughly squared and built without continuous horizontal

courses .

• It is used for ordinary buildings in hilly areas, where a

good variety of stones are easily and cheaply available.

4. Coursed Squared Rubble Masonry

• In the coursed square rubble masonry, the work

is carried out in courses of varying depth.

• In this type of masonry stones having straight

bed and sides are used.

• The stones are roughly squared and laid in

courses to bond in with the larger quoin stones.

5. Regular Coursed Squared Rubble Masonry

• This type of masonry is built in courses of

varying height but the stones in any one course

are of the same depth.

• It is mostly used in public buildings, hospitals,

schools, markets, modern residential buildings

and in hilly areas, where a good quality of stone

is easily and cheaply available.

6. Polygonal Rubble Masonry

• In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are

hammer dressed.

• The stones used for face work are dressed in

an irregular polygonal shape.

• Thus the face joints are seen running in an

irregular fashion in all directions.85

7. Flint Rubble Masonry

• In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or cobbles.

• These are irregularly shaped nodules of silica.

• Thickness = 7.5 to 15 cm Length = 15 to 30 cm

• The stones are extremely hard.

• But they are brittle and therefore they break easily.

• Facing may be coursed or uncoursed or built to courses

• Increases strength by introducing lacing course88

8. Dry Rubble Masonry

• In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the joints.

• This type of construction is the cheapest and requires

more skill in construction.

• It is an ordinary masonry and is recommended for

constructing walls of height not more than 18 ft.

• In case, the height is more, three adjacent courses are laid

in Squared rubble masonry, in mortar at 9 ft interval

• This may be used for non-load bearing walls such as

compound walls, retaining walls, pitching on bridge

approaches etc…

ASHLAR MASONRY• The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in

cement or lime mortar, is known as "Ashlar Masonry".

• In this masonry all the joints are regular, thin, and of uniform thickness.

• This type of masonry is costly in construction as involves heavy cost of dressing of stones.

• This masonry is used for heavy structures, arches, architectural buildings, high piers, abutments of bridges, etc.

1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY

In this type of masonry stone blocks of same

height are used in each course.

Every stone is fine tooled on all sides.

Thickness of Mortar joint should not more

than 5 mm and is uniform through out.

This type of ashlar masonry is very costly.94

Ashlar fine or coursed ashlar

masonry.

2. Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides

are finely chisel-dressed.

But the face is made rough by means of tools.

Thickness of joints does not exceed 6 mm.

This type of masonry is also known as Bastard

Ashlar Masonry.96

Rough tooled ashlar masonry.

3. Rock or Quarry Faced Ashlar MasonryThere is no dressing on face of the stone it is left

as rocky.

The projection above 80 mm height are removed

by light hammering.

Blocks are in uniform size.

Height of block may 15 cm to 30 cm.

Thickness of joints may up to 10mm.98

4. Ashlar Chamfered Masonry

In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is

provided as below.

But it is chamfered or bevelled at an angle of

45 degrees by means of chisel for a depth of

about 25mm.

Due to this a groove is formed with adjacent

blocks. 100

5. Block in Course Masonry

• This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar

masonry.

• In this type of masonry, the face work is provided with

rough tooled or hammer dresses stones and backing of

the wall may be made in rubble masonry.

• The stones are all squared and properly dressed.

• Joints are not straight as ashlar masonry.

• Height of course may 15 cm to 30 cm. 102

6. Ashlar Facing Masonry

Ashlar is the superior but expensive type of stone masonry

thus in order to reduce the cost a wall is commonly

constructed with a facing of ashlar and backing of rubble or

brick masonry.

Such walls are also called compound or composite masonry

walls.

If the backing is of rubble masonry it is called rubble

ashlar, if the backing is of brick masonry then it is termed

as brick ashlar. 104

HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK MASONRY

What is hollow concrete block masonry? Hollow concrete block masonry

is made of hollow block units bonded together with mortar

Manufacturing of Hollow Concrete Blocks:

oThey are manufactured with mix of sand (40%) and coarse

aggregates(60%) of size 6 to 12mm.

oThe concrete mix 1: 6 (C:CA) cement to Combined

aggregate.

oUses hand mould or machine moulding.

oKept for 24 hrs undisturbed.

o Cured for minimum 7 days.

oThe minimum strength prescribed is 4 N/Sq.mm.

oThe block should have sharp edges and right angled

corners.

Large size availability

Uniformity in design

Easy handling

Placing is also easy

Attractive appearance

Production will be quick

Quality will be good

Curing will be fast (steam curing) 109

Advantages of using concrete block:

Types of Blocks:

Regular Concrete Block

Light Weight Concrete Block

Size of Blocks:

Hollow block of normal sizes 39x19x30cm, 39x19x20cm and

39x19x10cm are manufactured.

The net area of hollow block is 55-60% of the gross area. They

should have sharp edges and right-angled corners.

Surface Finish of Concrete Blocks:

Coarse textured

Glazed finish

Slumped finish

Specially faced finish

Colored finish

The following points need to be observed in concrete block masonry

Blocks should be dry before use.

Vertical joints should be broken.

Mortar used should not be stronger than the block

itself.

The joints should be 5-10mm thick.

The blocks used for external walls should have

absorption less than 10%.

For internal walls, adsorption up to 15% may be

permitted.

Solid concrete blocks or hollow blocks filled with site

concrete because in the junction of walls and also in

the middle of long walls to avoid cracking due to

expansion

CTEP - UNIT - II - MASONRY

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