Post on 13-Mar-2020
Jerey Heer University of Washington
CSE512 4 Feb 2014
Animation
1
Why use motion
Visual variable to encode dataDirect attentionUnderstand system dynamicsUnderstand state transitionIncrease engagement
2
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
Video
3
4
Volume rendering [Lacroute 95]
Video
5
NameVoyager [Wattenberg 04]
httpwwwbabynamewizardcomnamevoyagerlnv0105html
6
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Why use motion
Visual variable to encode dataDirect attentionUnderstand system dynamicsUnderstand state transitionIncrease engagement
2
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
Video
3
4
Volume rendering [Lacroute 95]
Video
5
NameVoyager [Wattenberg 04]
httpwwwbabynamewizardcomnamevoyagerlnv0105html
6
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
Video
3
4
Volume rendering [Lacroute 95]
Video
5
NameVoyager [Wattenberg 04]
httpwwwbabynamewizardcomnamevoyagerlnv0105html
6
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
4
Volume rendering [Lacroute 95]
Video
5
NameVoyager [Wattenberg 04]
httpwwwbabynamewizardcomnamevoyagerlnv0105html
6
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Volume rendering [Lacroute 95]
Video
5
NameVoyager [Wattenberg 04]
httpwwwbabynamewizardcomnamevoyagerlnv0105html
6
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
NameVoyager [Wattenberg 04]
httpwwwbabynamewizardcomnamevoyagerlnv0105html
6
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Topics
Motion perceptionPrinciples for animationAnimated transitions in visualizations
7
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Motion Perception
8
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Perceiving Animation
Under what conditions does a sequence of static images give rise to motion perception
Smooth motion perceived at~10 framessecond (100 ms)
httpwww1psychpurdueeduMagniphiPhiIsNotBetaphi2html
9
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Motion as a visual cue
Pre-attentive stronger than color shape hellipMore sensitive to motion at peripherySimilar motions perceived as a groupMotion parallax provide 3D cue (like stereopsis)
10
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track
11
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
12
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
13
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
14
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
15
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
16
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Tracking Multiple Targets
How many dots can we simultaneously track~4-6 Diculty increases sig at 6 [Yantis 92 Pylyshn 88 Cavanagh 05]
17
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Segment by Common Fate
httpdragonumledupsychcommfatehtml httpwwwsinglecellorgjulyindexhtml
18
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
19
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Grouped dots count as 1 object
httpcoesdsuedueetarticlesvisualperc1starthtm
Dots moving together are grouped
20
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Grouping based on biological motion
httpwwwlifescisussexacukhomeGeorge_MatherMotionWALKMOV
[Johansson 73]
21
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Motions show transitionsSee change from one state to next
start
22
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Motions show transitions
end
See change from one state to next
23
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Motions show transitions
start end
Shows transition better butStill may be too fast or too slowToo many objects may move at once
See change from one state to next
24
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Velocity Perception
What is perceived as smooth uniform motion
Velocity perception can be aected by Path curvature Size depth perception Luminance contrast
(DEMO)
25
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Constructing Narratives
httpanthropomorphismorgimgHeider_Flashswf
26
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
httpcogwebuclaeduDiscourseNarrativemichotte-demoswf
27
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Attribution of causality [Michotte 46]
[Reprint from Ware 04]
28
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Adistraction
Afalse relations
Afalse agency
Aldquochart junkrdquo
Atoo slow boringAtoo fast errors
Animation
Adirect attention
Achange tracking
Acause and eect
Aincrease interest
A
HurtsHelps
Attention
Object Constancy
Causality
Engagement
Calibration
29
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for Animation
30
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for AnimationCharacter Animation(Johnston amp Thomas lsquo81 Lasseter lsquo87)
Squash and stretchExaggerationAnticipation Follow-throughStaging Overlapping ActionSlow-in Slow-out
31
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Squash and stretch
Defines rigidity of material
Should maintainconstant volume
Smoothes fast motionsimilar to motion blur
32
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Staging
Clear presentation of one idea at a time
Highlight important actionsLead viewersrsquo eyes to the actionMotion in still scene stillness in busy sceneMotion clearest at silhouette
33
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Anticipation
Show preparation for an action
34
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Follow-through
Emphasize termination of action
35
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Slow-in slow-out
Space in-betweens toprovide slow-in and out
Linear interpolation isless pleasing
36
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Example Andre and Wally B
37
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Example Andre and Wally B
38
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Example Andre and Wally B
39
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Example Andre and Wally B
40
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for Animation
Animated Presentations (Zongker amp Salesin lsquo03)
Make all movement meaningful Avoid squash-and-stretch exaggeration
Use anticipation and staging
Do one thing at a time
41
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
Expressiveness
Eectiveness
42
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Problems understanding animation [Tversky]
Dicult to estimate paths and trajectories
Motion is fleeting and transient
Cannot simultaneously attend to multiple motions
Parse motion into events actions and behaviors
Misunderstanding and wrongly inferring causality
Anthropomorphizing physical motion may cause confusion or lead to incorrect conclusions
43
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Administrivia
44
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
A3 Interactive Visualization
Create an interactive visualization application Choose a data domain and select an appropriate visualization technique
1 Choose a data set and storyboard your interface2 Implement the interface using tools of your choice3 Submit your application and produce a final write-up
You should work in groups of 2Due by 500pm on Monday February 10
45
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Animated Transitions
46
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Cone Trees [Robertson 91]
47
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Polyarchy Visualization [Robertson 02]
Animate pivots across intersecting hierarchies
Tested a number of animation parameters
Best duration ~1 sec
Rotational movement degraded performance translation preferred
48
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Degree-of-Interest Trees [Heer 04]
Animation of expandingcollapsing branches
49
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
SpaceTree [Grosjean 04]
Break animated transitions into discrete stages
50
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Radial Graph Layout
Optimize animation to aid comprehensionhttppeopleischoolberkeleyedu~rachnagtv
51
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
52
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Help maintain context of nodes and general orientation of user during refocus
Transition Paths Linear interpolation of polar coordinates Node moves in an arc not straight lines Moves along circle if not changing levels When changing levels spirals to next ring
53
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Animation in Radial Graph Layout
Transition constraints Minimize rotational travel (move former parent
away from new focus in same orientation) Avoid cross-over of edges
54
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Constraint Retain Edge Orientation
55
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Constraint Retain Neighbor Order
56
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Animated Transitions in Statistical Data Graphics
57
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
58
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Log Transform
59
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
60
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Ordering Sorting
61
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
62
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Filtering
63
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
64
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
65
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Month 1
66
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Timestep
Month 2
67
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
68
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Change Encodings
69
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
70
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Change Data Dimensions
71
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Change Data Dimensions
72
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Change Encodings + Axis Scaling
73
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Data Graphics and Transitions
Visual Encoding
Change selected data dimensions or encodings
Animation to communicate changes
74
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Transitions between Data Graphics
During analysis and presentation it is common to transition between related data graphics
Can animation helpHow does this impact perception
75
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for conveying information
CongruenceThe structure and content of the external representation should correspond to the desired structure and content of the internal representation
ApprehensionThe structure and content of the external representation should be readily and accurately perceived and comprehended
[from Tversky 02]
76
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
77
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Visual marks should always represent the same data tuple
78
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Dierent operators should have distinct animations
79
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Objects are harder to track when occluded
80
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Principles for AnimationCongruenceMaintain valid data graphics during transitionsUse consistent syntacticsemantic mappingsRespect semantic correspondenceAvoid ambiguity
ApprehensionGroup similar transitionsMinimize occlusionMaximize predictabilityUse simple transitionsUse staging for complex transitionsMake transitions as long as needed but no longer
Keep animation as simple as possible If complicated break into simple stages
81
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
82
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Study Conclusions
Appropriate animation improves graphical perception
Simple transitions beat ldquodo one thing at a timerdquo
Simple staging was preferred and showed benefits but timing important and in need of study
Axis re-scaling hampers perception Avoid if possible (use common scale) Maintain landmarks better (delay fade out of lines)
Subjects preferred animated transitions
83
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Animation in Trend Visualization
Heer amp Robertson study found that animated transitions are better than static transitions for estimating changing values
How does animation fare vs static time-series depictions (as opposed to static transitions)
Experiments by Robertson et al InfoVis 2008
84
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Animated Scatterplot [Robertson 08]85
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Traces [Robertson 08]86
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Small Multiples [Robertson 08]87
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Study Analysis amp Presentation
Subjects asked comprehension questionsPresentation condition included narration
Multiples 10 more accurate than animation
Presentation Anim 60 faster than multiplesAnalysis Animation 82 slower than multiples
User preferences favor animation
88
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89
Summary
Animation is a salient visual phenomenon Attention object constancy causality timing Design with care congruence amp apprehension
For processes static images may be preferable
For transitions animation has demonstrated benefits but consider task and timing
89