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Critical Thinking, Historical Context
September 10, 2013 1
Today’s Agenda Review: Course
Structure Critical Thinking
Assignment Historical
Overview NDP Years Campbell Years
September 10, 2013 2
Critical Thinking assignment
Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.
Mark Hume, “The fight to protect what’s left of old-growth forests,” Globe and Mail, March 17, 2013
September 6, 2012 3
Motivated reasoning motivated cognition: unconscious tendency to fit
processing of information to conclusions that suit some end or goal biased information search: seeking out (or
disproportionally attending to) evidence that is congruent rather than incongruent with the motivating goal
biased assimilation: crediting and discrediting evidence selectively in patterns that promote rather than frustrate the goal
identity-protective cognition: reacting dismissively to information the acceptance of which would experience dissonance or anxiety.
Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.
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Critical Thinking Assignment for Tuesday Read the Hume article Write down and bring to class:
1 important argument in the article Value(s) underlying that argument Factual assertion, if any, behind the
argument Max 15 minutes of “research” to fact-
check
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Tuesday Critical reading assignment Evolution of BC forest policy Readings:
Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.
BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Timber Tenures in British Columbia: Managing Public Forests in the Public Interest, June 2012,
George Hoberg, “Bringing the Market Back In: BC Natural Resource Policies During the Campbell Years,” in British Columbia Politics and Government, Micheal Howlett, Dennis Pilon, and Tracy Sommerville, eds, (Toronto: Edmond Montgomery, 2010), pp. 331-43, 349-51. (reading packet)
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Arguments
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values
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evidence
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Today’s Agenda Review: Course
Structure Critical Thinking
Assignment Historical
Overview NDP Years Campbell Years
September 10, 2013 10
Relevant readings BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource
Operations, Timber Tenures in British Columbia: Managing Public Forests in the Public Interest, June 2012, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/timber-tenures/timber-tenures-2006.pdf
George Hoberg, “Bringing the Market Back In: BC Natural Resource Policies During the Campbell Years,” in British Columbia Politics and Government, Michael Howlett, Dennis Pilon, and Tracy Sommerville, eds, (Toronto: Edmond Montgomery, 2010), pp. 331-43, 349-51. (reading packet) note figure 18.3 – label backwards
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Why study history?
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” – George Santayana
Policy legacies of the past constrain present options
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David Haley and Harry Nelson, “British Columbia Crown Tenure System in a Changing World – Challenges and Opportunities,” Synthesis Paper SP-06-01, BC Forum on Forest Economics and Policy, October 2006
BC’s forest tenure system is an anachronism.* With its origins in the mid-20th century, it is the legacy of another era…and ill-equipped to deal with the realities of the 21st century, including the changing character of the timber resource, changing public attitudes towards and demands on crown forests…
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Anachronism: A thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, esp. a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned.
Categories of Forest Policy1. Allocation of “Crown” timber--
tenure 2. Pricing -- stumpage 3. Rate of harvest – allowable annual
cut (AAC)4. Land Use – zoning for different
values (logging, conservation, etc)5. Regulation of harvesting --
Forest Practices6. Emergent areas and overlaps (
energy, carbon) 14
Tenure defined
BC forestry glossary http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/glossary/Glossary.pdf
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Tenure at core of forest policy in Canada “it is evident that forest tenures are means by which
governments grant benefit streams from forest resources to individuals or organizations, subject to numerous operational rules that are conditions of holding tenure.
As such, we define forest tenures as property rights to forest resources granted to private firms by governments.
In Canada, Crown forest tenures that delineate property rights to the nation’s public forests influence the behaviour of both public and private agents in the forest sector and, consequently, have been key instruments of public forest policy since the earliest years of colonization.
Luckert et al p 50
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pre-1912: Era of Unregulated Exploitation outright land sales
(mostly Railroad) < 5%, but high quality timber leases since
1865 (“old temporary tenures”)
contained “appurtenancy” provision linking harvesting rights to the operation of sawmill
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“appurtenancy”
restriction on the property right of the tenure agreement
“appurtenancy refers to whether a tenure holder must own and/or operate a processing facility for the products covered by the tenure in order to exercise the rights granted” (Luckert et al p 63)
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1912-1946: economic development through timber allocation
1912: Forest Act Followed from the
Fulton Commission Focus on timber allocation,
revenues, and economic development
Created Forest Service Created Timber Sale
Licences awarded on competitive bids,
no appurtenancy all management done by
government contained objective of
“protecting the water supply”
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1947-1977 – Sustained Yield of Timber (1) 1947 Amendments Followed Sloan Royal Commission Sustained yield policy -- rate of cut Forest Management Licences
(future Tree Farm Licences) area-based, unlimited in term (later
changed) management responsibilities
delegated to private companies intended to attract large capital
investments necessary for large plants (economic development)
some had appurtenancy clauses
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1947-1977 – Sustained Yield of Timber Allocation of new licences very
controversial “Sommers Affair” - Minister of Forests
convicted for taking bribes late 1950s-early 60s, move away
from competitive bidding Continued domination of economic
values
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1978-1980: Beginnings of Environmental Concern 1978 Amendments (+
Ministry of Forests Act) Followed Pearse Royal Commission explicit incorporation of environmental values
Business-oriented “Socred” government struggled to accommodate surging environmental concern
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1982-1987 – Early integrated resource management early 1980s deep staff cuts “sympathetic
administration” 1987 Amendments required private sector
to bear full financial responsibility for reforestation
response to US countervailing duty pressures
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1988-1990 – Early integrated resource management Rejuvenation of environmental
concern 1988: proposal to “rollover” all
volume-based (FL) tenures to area-based (TFL) creates crisis
Criticized as “privatization” 1989:
Forest Resources Commission appointed
beginning of the end of the old regime
September 10, 2013 24
Themes from Historical Analysis evolution of tenure
less competition, more concentration of control
more private management responsibilities
Government-business partnership economic concerns dominant (FP =
BC econ development policy) environmental concerns peripheral when in crisis, appoint a Commission
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1990s: The NDP Years 1991: NDP government elected1.Forest Practices Code –
significantly expanded government regulation of how logging was done
2.Land Use Planning – comprehensive planning framework designed to increase protected areas to 12%
3.Timber Supply Review – brought more rigour and care to determination of rate of harvest
4.Forest Renewal BC created to invest in future forest and compensate workers
September 10, 2013 26
1990s: The NDP Years
1996: shift from Harcourt to Clark from pale green to labour brown Jobs and Timber Accord – tried to tie
cutting rights to provision of jobs some significant change to
protect environmental values increased government
regulation of economic transactions, labour market
September 10, 2013 27
Analytical Framework: Forces at work in natural resources policy
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environment
governance
markets
policies
actions
Conse-quences
1997 to present (?): Continuing Crisis Markets
Technology and new supply
High costs restricted US
market access Low rate of return Exchange rate US demand Price of lumber
Governance Environmental
movement First Nations
Environment Climate change and
forest health
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September 10, 2013
September 6, 2007 30
The Campbell Era: Bringing the Market Back in
May 2001: BC Liberals elected77 of 79 seats
Major Liberal Initiatives(see Hoberg “Bringing” reading) results-based code
cheaper, simpler, while maintaining environmental values
working forest compensate for protected areas with industrial
zone - FAILED market based pricing economic deregulation (eliminated
appurtenancy) “new relationship” with First Nations 2008: Forestry Roundtable
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Tenure summary
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http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/timber-tenures/apportionment/aptr032.pdf
Thursday
Read: Special Committee on Timber Supply, Growing Fibre, Growing Value, Victoria: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, August 2012.
Read over simulations and think about which one you want to do
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