Creating a New Nation

Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom

• 1786 law written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia legislature

• First law in the United States that required the separation of church and state

• Passed after a bill that would have assessed a general tax to support churches—a bill written by Patrick Henry and George Washington—was defeated

• Followed by similar laws in New Jersey and New York and, a few years later, by the First Amendment to the Constitution (as part of the Bill of Rights authored by James Madison)

Constitutional Convention

• Meeting convened in Philadelphia in 1787• Delegates from 12 states met to discuss the

problems inherent in the articles of confederation• Delegates chose to create a new government by

drafting the constitution• Drafting process was long and arduous, with

significant conflicts and compromises, including the early clash between advocates of the New Jersey Plan and advocates of the Virginia Plan, as well as the crucial agreement to the Great Compromise

• James Madison, who drafted most of the constitution and is therefore known as the “father of the constitution,” was a major figure

George Washington

• Virginian• Leader of the Continental Army during the

American Revolution; important participant in the First Continental Congress, the Second Continental Congress, and the Constitutional Convention.

• First president of the United States (1789-1797)• Close friend of Alexander Hamilton and a

supporter of his economic policies, including the chartering of the First National Bank

• Retired rather than seek a third term as president, thus setting the two-term precedent, which was not broken until Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in 1940

Whiskey Rebellion

• 1792 uprising by Western Pennsylvania farmers displeased with the excise tax on whiskey that was one of Alexander Hamilton’s economic policies

• Raising cries echoing the French Revolution, the farmers attacked tax collectors.

• George Washington sent 15,000 federal troops to quash the rebellion, proving that the federal government would not be threatened, but also raising complaints from the Anti-Federalists, who were vigilant for signs of tyranny under the new Constitution

Virginia Plan

• Introduced the Constitutional Convention by James Madison

• Called for a government much like the one outlined by the Constitution

• Competed with the New Jersey Plan, which was seen more favorably by small states

• Adapted to accommodate the feelings of the New Jersey Plan’s supporters in the Great Compromise.

Great compromise

• Name for the agreement on state representation in Congress reached by the Constitutional Convention

• To strike a balance between large states (who sought equal representation based on population), and small states (who sought equal representation for all states), the Great Compromise agreed upon a bicameral legislature, with a House of Representatives dividing representation by population and a Senate giving equal representation to every state

Shay’s Rebellion

• Grew out of economic distress following the American Revolution

• Consisted of a group of debt ridden farmers in western Massachusetts protesting against high taxes

• During the winter of 1786-1787, cold weather and a lack of supplies led to the uprising’s disintegration

• Highlighted problems with the Articles of Confederation and increased momentum for the Constitutional Convention

James Madison

• Virginian; known as the “Father of the Constitution” because he was the primary architect of the system of checks and balances

• Was the primary advocate of the Virginia Plan and the Constitutional Convention

• One of the authors of the Federalist Papers

• Leading congressional critic of the First National Bank

• Co-author of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Served as secretary of state during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency

• Defendant in the seminal Supreme Court case Marbury vs. Madison

• Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase

• Was president from 1809-1817

• President during the war of 1812, which was also known as Mr. Madison’s War by his critics

• Advocate of strict construction and a leader of the Democratic-Republican party

Constitution

• The document that provides the supreme law for the United States

• Written at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, when the Articles of Confederation was no longer effective

• Ratified in 1789• Written by James Madison, known as “the father” of

this• Crafted a strong federal government with powers

limited by the system of checks and balances• Divides federal government into three branches:

executive, legislative, and judiciary• Has been amended 26 times (the first ten

amendments are called the Bill of Rights) to date

Balance of Powers

•Term for the constitutional system wherein different powers are delegated to the three branches of government: executive (the president), legislative (Congress), and judicial (the Supreme Court)

System of Checks and Balances

• The underlying theory behind the Constitution

• Uses three branches of the federal government – the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - to balance one another and prevent any one branch from gaining too much power

• Designed by James Madison

Judiciary Branch

• One of the three branches on the government created by the Constitution as part of the system of checks and balances.

• Consists of the entire federal court system, of which the highest court is the Surpreme Court.

• Keeps the other branches of government in check by applying the principle of judicial review.

Executive branch

• One of three branches of the government created by the Constitution as part of the system of checks and balances

• Headed by the president and vice president

• Includes all members of the Cabinet

Legislative Branch

• One of three branches of the government created by the Constitution as part of the system of checks and balances

• Also known as the Congress• Comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate;

bicameral, meaning it is made up of two houses• Bears responsibility for passing laws, declaring war,

ratifying treaties, and providing a national budget

House of Representatives

• The lower house of the bicameral Legislative branch established by the Constitution

• As a result of the Great Compromise, membership in the house of Representatives is proportional based upon the population of each state

• The house of Representatives currently has 435 members

Senate

• The upper house of the bicameral legislative branch established by the Constitution

• As a result of the Great Compromise, membership in the Senate is divided equally among all states

• The Senate currently has 100 members

The Federalist Papers

• Name for a large collection of essays written pseudonymously by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

• These essays, published in a New York newspaper and widely circulated thereafter laid out a strong case for ratification of the Constitution and against many of the arguments put forward by the Anti-Federalists

Federalists

• Initially those who supported ratification of the Constitution and the creation of a stronger central (federal) government than the Articles of Confederation allowed

• Under the influence of Alexander Hamilton, many Federalists formed a political party, the Federalist party, during the years of George Washington’s presidency

• This party was largely centered in the New England and controlled by aristocrats

• The party split (those who left the party formed the Democratic Republican party) because of disagreement over federal power and the First National Bank

• The party lost power to Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican party in the election of 1800 (also known as the Revolution of 1800), and they never regained power

• The party dissolved during the president of James Madison, in the wake of the Hartford Convention

Loose Construction

• A philosophy of interpreting the Constitution broadly and thereby enlarging the scope of the federal government’s power beyond the specific enumerated powers

• Opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, who preferred a philosophy of strict construction

Strict Construction

• A philosophy of interpreting the Constitution narrowly and thereby limiting the scope of the Federal government’s power to those powers specifically enumerated

• Popular with the Democratic-Republican Party

• Unpopular with the Federalist Party, who preferred loose construction

Alexander Hamilton

• New York financier who served as treasury secretary during George Washington’s presidency

• He designed the economic development of the united states, beginning the first National Bank

• Primary leader of the Federalist party• He also served as one of the pseudonymous

authors of The Federalist Papers• Was killed in duel by Vice President Aaron Burr

Electoral College

• A body mandated by the Constitution• Electors, representing each state, choose the

president based upon the popular vote within their state

• When the electoral college cannot reach a decision, a final decision is made by the House of Representatives

• Until the passage of the 12th Amendment in 1804, the electoral college named the candidate with the second most electoral votes as the vice president

• This caused trouble when Federalist John Adams was elected president and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson was elected vice president (1796)

Bill of Rights

• Collective name for the first ten amendments to the Constitution

• These amendments guarantee individual rights and liberties are protected from the federal government

• Many states would not ratify the Constitution until this was promised

• Written by James Madison

Land Ordinance of 1785

This established a plan by which the federal government surveyed the land and sold it to settlers at

affordable prices.

3/5ths Compromise

Southern States wanted their slaves to count as part of their population

so that they could have greater representation in the House of Representatives, the Northern states did not agree with this

because they did not have very many slaves. How was this matter

resolved?

Northwest Ordinance

• 1787 ordinance dividing the American northwest into three to five territories

• Banned slavery in those territories

• Provided that money raised by the sale of land in the territories be used to fund public education; set out requirements for territories to become states

Anti-Federalists

• Name for those opposed to ratification of the Constitution.

• Were opposed to the creation of a strong federal government.

• Supported vesting more power in the states and argued that a strong federal government would lead back to tyranny.

Judiciary Act of 1789

This law established a national court system

First National Bank (First Bank of the United States)

• Chartered by Congress in response to a request from Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton during George Washington’s presidency

• Vociferously opposed as unconstitutional by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who resigned his post as secretary of state because of the bank disagreement

• Disagreement over the bank led to the split between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican Party

• Helped the national economy develop

Democratic-Republican Party

• Political party that developed in opposition to the Federalists after the chartering of the First National Bank

• Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison• Advocated a central government empowered to

carry out only those functions explicitly enumerated in the Constitution

• Fractured after the “corrupt bargain” in the election of 1824

John Adams

Second President of the United States?

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Laws passed during John Adam’s presidency.

• Restricted naturalization of immigrants and made publishing material critical of the government a crime.

• When Thomas Jefferson became president, he pardoned everyone imprisoned under the acts and chose not to renew the legislation.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively

• Passed by the state legislatures of these two states• Resolutions argues that the Alien and Sedition Acts were

unconstitutional and therefore “unauthoritative, void, and of no force”

• Further argued that the Constitution gave the federal government only as much power as was derived from a compact among sovereign states

• Served as basis for states’ rights arguments in the Nullification Crisis and leading up to the Civil War.

XYZ Affair

• President John Adams sent diplomats to France to negotiate a settlement to trade disagreements between France and the United States

• Following the triumph of the democratic French Revolution, public sympathy for France was very high in the United States

• Adams changed the tide of public opinion by alleging that three French diplomats- whom he identified only as X,Y, and Z– had demanded a bribe from American diplomats before even sitting down to negotiate

• The resulting furor over the XYZ Affair led America to the brink of war with France

Eli Whitney

In 1793 Invented the Cotton Gin.

In 1798, found a new way to make goods by using interchangeable parts

“Midnight Judges”

• A large number of judicial appointments made by John Adams the night before Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration in the so called Revolution of 1800

• James Madison refused to certify a large number of the appointments, leading to the Marbury v. Madison court decision, which established the principle of Judicial Review

“Revolution of 1800”

• Nickname for the transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic Republicans following the election of Thomas Jefferson over John Adams in 1800

• Also known as the bloodless revolution because the government managed to change hands without violence or serious strife

• Biggest controversy in the transfer of power was the “midnight appointments” made by John Adams

John Marshall

• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 (when he was appointed by John Adams after the election of Thomas Jefferson, but before Jefferson’s inauguration) to 1835

• Established the principle of judicial review (in the famous case Marbury v. Madison), thereby creating an important role for the judiciary branch in the system of checks and balances

• Followed as chief justice by Roger Taney

Marbury V. Madison

• Lawsuit brought against James Madison in his capacity as secretary of state during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency

• Marbury was a “midnight appointment” made by John Adams just before Jefferson’s inauguration in the so-called Revolution of 1800

• When Madison refused to certify Marbury’s appointment, Marbury sued

• Chief Justice John Marshall, an ardent Federalist, used the case to establish judicial review

• Marshall ruled that Marbury deserved his appointment but also that the Supreme Court lacked the authority to force Madison to certify the appointment

• According to Marshall, the Supreme Court lacked the authority because the Judiciary Act of 1789, which ascribed this power to the Supreme Court, was unconstitutional

Judicial review

• The role of the Supreme Court in determining whether of not laws passes by Congress are constitutional (permitted by the Constitution)

• First exercised by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison

Louisiana Purchase

• 1803 agreement with France to buy all of Louisiana (the French name for all of the land in the Mississippi River Valley) for $15 million

• Doubled the size of the United States• Negotiated by James Monroe• Approved by Thomas Jefferson in a massive

departure from his usual adherence to strict construction

• Explored by Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark

• Two explorers (Merriwether Lewis and William Clark) sent by Thomas Jefferson to map and document land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase

• Expedition lasted from 1804 – 1806

• Journeyed west from St. Louis all the way to the Pacific Ocean and back

• Received assistance from Indian guide Sacagawea (who is commemorated on the new dollar coins)

Tecumseh

Native American leader who organized a confederacy of Native Americans to

fight for land in the Northwest territory

James Madison

fourth president of the United States

War of 1812

• War fought between the United States and Britain from 1812-1814

• Fought over trade rights• Called Mr. Madison’s War by critics, who blamed

President James Madison for the war’s failures; led critics to meet at the Hartford Convention

• Occasion for the composition of “The Star Spangled Banner”

• Ended on a high note for Americans after the Battle of New Orleans

“Star Spangled Banner”

• Written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812 as a battle took place over Fort McHenry near Baltimore

• Later adopted as the National Anthem of the United Sates of America

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812

Battle of New Orleans

• Fought in 1814• Last battle in the War of 1812• Fought two weeks after the British

and the Americans had agreed to a treaty.

• Massively outnumbered Americans routed an immense British army while sustaining almost no casualties.

• Vaulted General Andrew Jackson to national fame

Era of good feeling

• Nickname for the years during during James Monroe's presidency

• Known this way because America was at peace and had only one political party (the federalists having dissolved)

• Not an entirely accurate moniker for a period with its share of problems, including those that led to the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine

• Foreign policy position during James Monroe’s presidency

• Declared that the United States would not brook European interference in affairs of the Americas, just as the United States would not muddle in European affairs

• Greeted by most European nations with silence, which the United States interpreted as acquiescence

• Later served as the basis for the Roosevelt Corollary

Second National Bank (Second Bank of the United States)

2nd

• An institution similar to the First National Bank chartered during James Monroe’s presidency

• Opposed by agricultural interests in the south and west• Strongly opposed by Andrew Jackson• Jackson vetoed the renewal of the bank’s charter, becoming

the first president willing to veto a bill for reasons other than questions about its constitutionality (this was one way in which Jackson strengthened the presidency)

• Still unsatisfied and insistent on shutting the bank down before its charter expired, Jackson ordered his treasury secretary to withdraw all federal funds from the bank

• When his treasure secretary refused, Jackson appointed another and then another until he appointed his close friend Roger Taney, who did as Jackson wished and was rewarded with an appointment as chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1835

Hartford convention

• A gathering of delegates from the New England states in Hartford, Connecticut in late 1814

• Delegates were unhappy about the way the war of 1812 was progressing and about the decline of the Federalists and the influence of New England as a region

• Delegates demanded significant revisions to the constitution, but their request were undercut by the American victory at the Battle of new Orleans, which ended general discontent

Tariff of 1816

As part of the plan known as the American System, President Madison proposed this tariff.

The tariff increased the cost of foreign-made goods and thus make American goods more attractive.

McCulloch v. Maryland

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Federal Law

State Law

• 1819 Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall asserted the supremacy of federal law over state law

• Decision barred the state of Maryland from levying state taxes on the Second National Bank

Adams-Onís Treaty

Treaty that settled a border dispute between Spain and US.

Spain handed over Florida to the United States in the treaty.

Gibbons v. Ogden

In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in,_______ v. _________, that

Congress – not the states – had the power to regulate interstate trade.

“corrupt bargain”

• Nickname for the back-room agreement that allowed John Quincy Adams to win the presidential election of 1824

• When none of the four candidates received a majority of the votes in the electoral college, the final decision fell to the house of representatives

• Henry clay, who had received the fewest votes of the four candidates, threw his support to the second-place finisher, John Quincy Adams, giving Adams enough votes to defeat the first-place finisher, Andrew Jackson

• Adams then appointed Clay to be his secretary of state, a powerful post from which the last four presidents had advanced to the presidency

• Jackson’s supporters cried foul, labeling the machinations the “corrupt bargain”

• The outcry weakened Adams and Clay, preventing Adams from accomplishing any thing as president, and preventing clay from mounting a credible campaign to become president

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States

• Why were the American political leaders fearful of creating a strong central government after the American Revolution?

• fear of a powerful central government• fear of another monarchy• fear of a few powerful states dominating

all others• fear of power in the hands of all citizens

• What was the first written form of laws for our government called?

• Declaration of Independence• The Constitution• Bill of Rights• Articles of Confederation

• The Articles of Confederation called for a

• weak national government• powerful national government• no national government• weak state government

• The Articles of Confederation gave Congress_______to tax or regulate commerce between states.

• too much power• no power• some power• all power

• The Constitution balanced power between the large and small states by creating a two house legislature. On what is state representation for the House of Representatives based?

• land size of the state• when the state joined the union• population of the state• income of the state

• The Articles of Confederation provided for________common currency.

• no• federal• state• none of the above

• The Articles of Confederation gave each state

• votes regarding to size.• votes regarding to population• one vote.• votes regarding to state size and

population.

• Which branch of government was permitted in the Articles of Confederation?

• executive• legislative• judicial• Supreme Court

• The Constitution balanced power between the large and small states by creating a two house legislature.  Which house has equal representation from each state?

• Senate• House of Representatives

• The Constitution made ________  law the supreme law of the land, and otherwise gave the__________considerable leeway to govern themselves. 

• state, government• democratic, people• federal, states• no, citizens

• The Constitution placated the Southern states by counting slaves as___________of the population when determining representation in the                    .

• 1/5, Senate• 3/5, House of Representatives• 3/4, Senate• 4/5, House of Representatives

• The Constitution avoided a too powerful central government by establishing three co-equal branches.  Which of the following is NOT correct?

a) The executive branch enforces the laws.b) The legislative branch creates the laws.c) The judicial branch interprets the laws to

make sure they are constitutional.d) The executive branch is made up of the

Senate and House of Representatives.

• Each branch is overseen by the other two branches -what term is used for this method of making sure one branch does not dominate?

• checks and balances• power to oversee• domination• patronage

• Who was the chairman of the Constitutional Convention?

• John Hancock• Benjamin Franklin• George Washington• James Madison

• Who is known as "the Father of the Constitution" because of his many debates and well-scripted notes of the meetings?

• George Washington• John Jay• Alexander Hamilton• James Madison

• What plan did Madison propose at the Convention?

• Richmond Plan• New Jersey Plan• Virginia Plan• New York Plan

• Who authored much of the Bill of Rights?

• James Madison• Alexander Hamilton• Benjamin Franklin• Thomas Jefferson

• Who proposed a federal government with three separate branches, which became the foundation for our government today?

• James Madison• Alexander Hamilton• Benjamin Franklin• Thomas Jefferson

• Which group believed a republic could survive in a country as large as the United States because the number of political factions would check each other?

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• Which group favored a strong central government that shared the power with the states?

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• Which group believed a strong central government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce, manage foreign trade, and national defense?

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• Which group believed a national Bill of Rights is necessary?

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• Which group argued that a Bill of Rights would be redundant because the Constitution provided for basic rights?

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• Which group believed a strong central government would take over the powers of the state governments, thereby concentrating too much power at the national level and too little at state and local levels?   

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• Which group argued for the checks and balances so no one branch becomes predominant? 

• Anti-federalists• Federalists• Both Anti-federalists and Federalists• Neither Anti-federalists or Federalists

• What became the first order of business of the new government established by the Constitution....to create

• the Constitution• Bill of Rights• Preamble• Declaration of Independence

• From which state's documents did James Madison borrow when writing the Bill of Rights?

• Massachusetts• Connecticut• Virginia• Georgia

• Who wrote the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom?

• James Madison• James Monroe• Thomas Jefferson• George Mason

• Who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights?

• James Monroe• George Mason• Thomas Jefferson• James Madison

• Who was the first president of the United States?

• Thomas Jefferson• John Hancock• George Washington• Alexander Hamilton

• What political party led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong national government and an industrial economy with support from the wealthy in the North?

• Anti-federalists• Democrat-Republicans• Federalists• Whigs

• Which political party led by Thomas Jefferson believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy with support from the farmers in the South?

• Anti-federalists• Democrat-Republicans• Federalists• Whigs

• Who won the election of 1800 which was the first presidential election that peacefully saw the exchange of political party power?

• Thomas Jefferson• Alexander Hamilton• Aaron Burr• John Adams

• Who served a Supreme Court Chief Justice for 30 years and established the principle of judicial review?

• Roger Taney• John Marshall• John Hancock• John Jay

• Which court case established the principle of judicial review?

• McCulloch v. Maryland• Gibbons v. Ogden• Marbury v. Madison• Dred Scott v. Sandford

• Which court case prohibited states from taxing agencies of the federal government - power to tax is the power to destroy?

• McCulloch v. Maryland• Gibbons v. Ogden• Marbury v. Madison• Dred Scott v. Sandford

• Which president is responsible for the Louisiana Purchase?

• George Washington• John Adams• Thomas Jefferson• James Monroe

• From which country did the United States  purchase the Louisiana Territory?

• Great Britain• Canada• Mexico• France

• Who led the expedition to explore the new territories west of the Mississippi River?

• Lewis and Clark• Sacco and Vanzetti• Houston and Crockett• Sherman and Clayton

• What Indian guide served as an interpreter for the expedition west?

• Squanto• Pocahontas• Sacajawea• Tonto

• Who won the War of 1812? • Great Britain• France• United States of America• Republic of Texas

• What land claim did the Americans receive as a result of the victory in the War of 1812?

• Mississippi• California• Texas• Oregon

• What document in 1823 said the American continents should not be considered for future colonization by European powers and nations in the western hemisphere are inherently different from those in Europe?

• Monroe Doctrine• Roosevelt Corollary• Popular sovereignty• Containment