Post on 11-Jan-2016
description
Cost-effective Cost-effective Ferrite Chokes and BalunsFerrite Chokes and Baluns
Web versionWeb versionClick your way through the presentationClick your way through the presentation
Ferrite Chokes and Baluns
Topics:
1. Why might I need one?
2. What makes a good choke?
3. Three recommended designs
Ferrite Chokes and Baluns
Topics:
1. Why might I need one?
2. What makes a good choke?
3. Three recommended designs
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Q1: What are RF chokes for?
A: To stop RF currents from flowing where they aren’t wanted
…and so, to help solve EMC problems.
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Q1: What are RF chokes for?
A: To stop RF currents from flowing where they aren’t wanted.
Q2: What are baluns for?
A: Er…to make my antenna balanced?
Wrong!
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Q1: What are RF chokes for?A: To stop RF currents from flowing where they aren’t wanted.
Q2: What are baluns for? A: Exactly the same as for Q1: to stop RF currents from flowing where they aren’t wanted.
Same as saying…No “common-mode”
RF current on feedline
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Fields around a balanced dipole: the textbook picture
Feedline doesn’t radiate
Feedline could be either coax or
parallel line
Only the antenna radiatesWRONG AGAIN
Real life isn’t like this!
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Reality looks like this…
Common-modeRF current on feedlineHigh
risk of T V I
… or many other kinds of R F I (RF Interference)
Feedline radiates
Induces RF current on TV
downlead
1. The inside of a coaxial cable is private – completely screened from the outside world.
2. At RF, current flows only on surfaces of conductors.
3. The outside surface of the coax shield is a completely separate conductor from the inside surface.
4. The outside surface of the shield is part of the outside world. This is where the common-mode currents flow.
Coax basics:
Antenna feedpoint
Common-mode current flows on outside surface
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Common-mode RF current
RF earth
Mains earth
“RF in the Shack”
INJECTING RF into the mains
Feedline is radiating
Another example…
Coax-fed dipole
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Answer: To block unwanted common-mode currents
“RF in the Shack”
INJECTING RF into the mains
Feedline is radiating
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
It all starts here: the antenna feedpoint
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Common mode choke here
Common-mode RF current“RF in the Shack”
problems
RF into the mains
Feedline is radiating
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Common mode choke here
Another choke here
Mains choke
More realistically, you may need two or three chokes:
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Common mode choke here = “balun”
“Feedline choke”
“Mains choke”
The same chokes, doing the same job
Different names for (almost)the same chokes
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
The same chokes –same ferrite cores,same number of turns,same diameter.
Only the cable isdifferent, dependingon the application.
Because they’re all doing the same job – blocking unwanted common-mode RF current on that particular cable.
Summary:
•To solve EMC problems
• Specifically… to stop RF currents flowing in the wrong places
• Chokes may be needed in several different places:
• at the antenna feedpoint (“a balun”)
• at other places on coax feedlines
• on other wiring in the shack (eg computer cables)
• on mains wiring.
• The same choke designs will work for a range of applications (only the cable and connectors need to change).
Chokes and baluns: Why might I need one?
Ferrite Chokes and Baluns
Why might I need one?
Next:
What makes a good choke?
Chokes and baluns: What makes a good choke?
Remember, this is an EMC problem.
• Some EMC problems are ‘soft’ and easy to solve – for these, almost any choke will give good results
• But some problems are much harder – these need chokes with much higher performance
• The curse of emc is, you never know which it will be…
So always aim for overkill – high-performance chokes
are far more likely to do the job.
The Curse of EMCis that every situation is different.
Chokes and baluns: What makes a good choke?
What does “high performance” mean?
For hard EMC problems, that means…
• Impedance of several thousand ohms
• Maintained across a wide bandwidth
• Impedance must be mainly resistive
In any RF choke,high performance = high impedance
Why?
See the Radcom article.
Chokes and baluns: What makes a good choke?
Chokes that don’t work well…or may only work for ‘soft’ EMC problems.
Chokes and baluns: What makes a good choke?
Chokes that don’t work well
Air-wound chokes
What’s good:
1. Cheap and easy to make (only needs extra cable)
2. Lightweight
What’s bad:
1. Very narrow-band
2. Can easily be detuned in real-life situations.
What’s good:
1. Broadband, mainly resistive impedance
What’s bad:
1. Usually not enough impedance (needs a large number of large beads of the right type)
2. Very expensive to do properly
3. Very long and heavy.
Chokes and baluns: What makes a good choke?
Chokes that don’t work well
Strings of ferrite beads
Ferrite Chokes and Baluns
Why might I need one?
What makes a good choke?
Next:
• Three recommended designs
Chokes and baluns: Three recommended designs
Chokes that do work well
Ferrite cores and multiple turns
But you MUST:
• Use a good design
• Use the specified type of core.
Unknown surplus ferrite coresWILL NOT WORK!
For good results, use the right ingredients and follow the recipe.
Chokes and baluns: Three recommended designs
The problem is the cost!• Best ferrite cores are made in the USA (eg Fair-Rite 31 and 43 grade materials)
• Not cheap, and large mark-ups by US distributors
• Importing to UK adds extra shipping costs, currency exchange costs, VAT and “handling charges” = double the price
• Best performance comes from large cores which are very expensive
• Some US designs may use 4-5 large cores per choke – way too expensive!
Searching forcost-effective solutions…
Chokes and baluns: Three recommended designs
Three recommended designs for HF
What’s good:
1. Cost-effective: all use the same type of core, available in the UK (about £2.70 each)
2. Very easy to make, can be applied to different types of cable, different frequency ranges
3. Very high performance – broadband, with a high resistive impedance.
4. Dependable EMC solution – can tackle all but the very worst common-mode problems.
covering the low, middle and high HF bands
(Developed from an idea by W2VJN, in the 2010 ARRL Handbook)
Chokes and baluns: Three recommended designs
Three recommended designs for HF
What’s bad:
1. You have to use those cores – no substitutes.
2. You have to make your own.
3. Not the ultimate best performance. Even better chokes are available… but will cost you a lot more for the ferrite!
(Remember, the original aim was cost-effectiveness –best performance obtainable at reasonable cost.)
Remembering what’s good about these chokes…
1. All use the same type of core, by Fair-Rite
2. Cores are in stock in the UK (about £2.70 each)
3. Very easy to make, can be applied to different types of cable, different frequency ranges
The most cost-effective strategy:
Keep a small stock of bare cores. Make up the exact kinds of chokes you need,
when you need them.
Chokes and baluns: Three recommended designs
Three recommended designs for HF
Ferrite Chokes and Baluns
Why might I need one?
What makes a good choke?
Three recommended designs
More informationwww.tinyurl.com/inpractice
Thanks for reading!Thanks for reading!
73 from Ian GM3SEK73 from Ian GM3SEK