Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography...

Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth EditionEvelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson

Dental RadiographyCourse Director: Ms. Judy Valdez, R.D.H., B.S.D.H

Concorde Career College

DH 103, Term IIILecture: Wednesday 9:00-12:00Lab: Wednesday 1:00-4:00 PM

Tuesday & Thursday 1:00-4:00 PM

Chapter 1

History of Dental Radiography

Objectives

Define the key words. State when x-rays were discovered and

by whom. Trace the history of radiography, noting

the prominent contributors. List two historical developments that

made dental x-ray machines safer.

Objectives

Explain how rectangular PIDs reduce patient radiation exposure.

Identify the two techniques used to expose dental radiographs.

List five uses of dental radiographs. Become aware of other imaging

modalities available for use in the detection and evaluation of oral conditions.

Key Words

Bisecting technique Computed tomography (CT) Cone Cone beam computed tomography

(CBCT) Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI) Digital imaging Dosage

Key Words

Dosage Oral radiography Panoramic radiography Paralleling technique Position indicating device (PID) Radiograph Radiography

Key Words

Radiology Roentgen ray Roentgenograph Sensor Tomography X-ray X-ray film

Introduction

Dental radiographs are images or pictures produced by x-rays, remain the basis for many diagnostic procedures and play an essential role in oral health care.

Radiography is the making of radiographs by exposing an image receptor, either film or digital sensor.

Introduction

The purpose of dental radiography is to provide the oral health care team with radiographs of the best possible diagnostic quality.

The goal of dental radiography is to obtain the highest quality radiographs while maintaining the lowest possible radiation exposure risk for the patient.

Discovery of the X-ray Oral radiology

Study of x-rays and techniques used to produce radiographic images.

Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays (1895)

X-ray Initially, “x” represented the unknown

Roentgen ray Named in honor of Roentgen’s findings.

Discovery of the X-ray

Roentgenograph The image produced on photosensitive film.

Radiograph Prefix “radio” and suffix “graph” combined;

“radiograph” more commonly used.

Figure 1-2 This famous Figure 1-2 This famous radiograph, purported to be Mrs. radiograph, purported to be Mrs. Bertha Roentgen’s hand, was Bertha Roentgen’s hand, was taken on December 22, 1895.taken on December 22, 1895.(Reprinted with permission from (Reprinted with permission from Radiology Centennial, Inc., Radiology Centennial, Inc., Copyright 1993)Copyright 1993)

TABLE 1-1 Noteworthy TABLE 1-1 Noteworthy Scientists and Researchers Scientists and Researchers in Dental Radiographyin Dental Radiography

Dental X-ray Machines

Early x-ray machines an electrical hazard Shockproof dental x-ray machine

introduced by Coolidge and General Electric Pointed cone replaced Position indicating device (PID) Panoramic radiography became popular

in 1960’s.

Dental X-ray Machines

Tomography scan Computed tomography scan (CT)

Imaging a single selected plane of tissues; delivers high dosage of radiation

Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI) and cone beam computed tomography Contain lower doses of radiation

Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and rectangular PIDs. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation)

Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and rectangular PIDs. rectangular PIDs. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation)(Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation)

Dental X-ray Film

Early dental x-ray film packets: glass photographic plates wrapped in black paper and rubber dam and exposure time was 25 min

Machine-wrapped dental x-ray film packet first available in 1919 from Kodak.

Emulsion coating: one sided coating required long exposure times; both sides coated now; exposure times much shorter.

Digital Image Receptors

Digital imaging systems replace film as the image receptor with a sensor.

Frances Mouyen — Introduced digital radiography in 1987, called RadioVisioGraphy

Digital Image Receptors

Image sensors today have improved in overall quality: Reduction in radiation dosage Elimination in film and processing

chemistry Elimination of film package disposal

Dental X-ray Techniques

Bisecting technique First and earliest method

Paralleling technique Preferred technique used in all dental

assisting, dental hygiene, and dental schools.

FIGURE 1-4 Radiography in a modern oral health care practice. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation)

BOX 1-1 Uses of Dental BOX 1-1 Uses of Dental RadiographsRadiographs

Advances in Dental Radiographic Imaging 2D and 3D imaging systems assist

radiography in moving toward representations of real-life conditions

Computed approach will benefit the quality of oral health care.

Review: Chapter Summary

Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of the x-ray revolutionized the methods of practicing medicine and dentistry

Impact of improved equipment, advanced techniques, and educated personnel

Computer and digital sensor continue to be adopted by dental practices as the method of acquiring a dental radiographic image.

Digital imaging has many advantages Basic techniques for acquiring images:

Bisecting Paralleling

CBVT or CBCT produce 2D and 3D images for dental diagnosis; will be the main modalities for dental imaging in the future.

Recall: Study Questions

General Chapter Review

Reflect: Case Study

Your patient today tells you that she recently watched a television documentary on the dangers of excess radiation exposure. Based on your reading in this chapter, develop a brief conversation between you and this patient explaining how historical developments have increased dental radiation safety, in order to put the patient at ease.

Relate: Laboratory Application

Proceed to the Radiography Laboratory to complete the Chapter 1 activity.

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography...

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