“Controlling local and global pollution: 3 cases of health and climate co-benefits”

Adrián Fernández-Bremauntz PhDUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana

and Climate Works Foundation

TOXIC EARTH – TOXIC BODIESBinational Perspectives in Environmental Health

April 5, 2011

MISSION: produce technical and scientific information about environmental problems to:

• Inform society

• Foster environmental protection

• Promote the sustainable use of natural resources

• Support environmental policy making

Instituto Nacional de Ecología - INE(National Environment Institute)

In-house think tank of the Ministry for the Environment (SEMARNAT)

Created in 1993……. Reinvented in 2001

PROFEPA CONABIOCONANP INE CONAGUA CONAFOR IMTA

5 General Directorates: 340+ staff (75+ with at least a masters degree)

1. Env. Economics and Policies

2. Urban and Regional Pollution

3. Ecosystems Conservation

4. National Center for Environmental Research and Training (CENICA)

5. Climate Change

National Communications; National GHG inventories; Climate Change State Plans; CC web sites and publications; Focal Point for IPCC and all academic activities; research

on mitigation, adaptation, LCGP, support at COP negotiations.

Presidency of Academic and Scientific Sub-Committee within the COP16 umbrella organizing committee

What is a co-benefit?Any additional or colateral benefit associated

with a measure implemented to attend a specific problem.

climate change perspective:“If any action to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions is implemented, what is the local benefit in terms of reduction of air pollution and human health

improvements?”

COSO2

NOx

Pb

VOC

Co- benefits:Air pollution and climate change

Fuente: Adaptado de Sophie Punte, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center, Enero de 2009.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Greenhouse gases (Only Kyoto

Protocol)

CH4 N2O

PFC

SF6 HFCCO2

AIR POLLUTION(Global, Regional, Urban)

PMO3Aerosols

Black Carbon

EMISSIONS

Air pollutants

INE research on local and global pollution

Case studies:

1.Tuxpan fuel oil power plant2.Efficient wood stoves3.BRT exposure assessment

Case study 1:

Tuxpan fuel oil power plant

Aereal view of Manzanillo Bay (INEGI, 2002)

Tuxpan power plant

Ecosistemas importantes en un radio de 150km: pastizales, agricultura, selva baja, bosque templado.

Población Habitantes

Cd. Madero 182,325

Cerro Azul 24,729

Chicontepec 58,735

Huauchinango 83,537

Martínez de la Torre 119,166

Poza Rica 152,838

Tamiahua 26,306

Tampico 295,442

Tantoyuca 94,829

Tempoal 36,359

Teziutlán 81,156

Tulancingo 122,274

Tuxpan 127,664

PEMEX Gas

PEMEX Refinación

Dispersion of pollutants – PM10 concentrations(similar analyses were made for SO2 & sulfates)

Norma de calidad del aire para PM10150 µg/m3 (promedio 24 h)

50 µg/m3 (promedio anual)620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730

UTMX, km

2270

2280

2290

2300

2310

2320

2330

2340

2350

2360

2370

2380

UTM

Y, k

m Termo

Tuxpan

NaranjosTamiahua

Alamo

Poza Rica

Cerro Azul

Cazones

Laguna de Tampamachoco

Laguna de Tamiahua

0.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.0

ug/m360 km

45 km

30 km

15 km

Health effects from exposure to Tuxpan power plant emissions

Impactos

Casos por año(valor promedio e intervalo de

confianza 95%)Mortalidad aguda 4 (1:11)

Mortalidad crónica 43 (3:65)

Bronquitis crónica 142 (29:301)

Admisiones hospitalarias por causas respiratorias

7 (1:15)

Admisiones hospitalarias por causas cardiovasculares

35 (6:76)

Días de trabajo perdidos 13,850 (3,613:29,152)

Monetary impacts of health effects

ImpactosImpacto económico promedio

($ USD)Mortalidad aguda 1,655,220

Mortalidad crónica 9,411,390

Bronquitis crónica 2,757,470

Admisiones hospitalarias por causas respiratorias

4,456

Admisiones hospitalarias por causas cardiovasculares

65,851

Días de trabajo perdidos 46,908

• El valor anual total es de $13,941,295 con un intervalo de confianza ( al 95%) de $175,451 a $40,981,000

Case study 2: Cost/benefit analysis of Metrobús

– In operation since July 2005 with an exclusive lane of 19.4 Km.

– Faster than traditional buses

– Capacity for 250 thousand passengers per day

– Higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions from EURO-III buses

13

Case study 2: bus rapid transit system «metrobus»

Pollutants sampled:Carbon monoxidePM2.5 y PM10

Benzene

14

Sampling scheme:

Morning peak hour Route: Indios Verdes a San Angel

(north – south commuting corridor) Baseline: measurements before BRT

construction After construction: Metrobús sampling

Methodology

15

Number of trips:

Concentrations (median)Carbon monoxide (ppm)Particles PM2.5 (µg/m3)Particles PM10 (µg/m3)Benzene (ppbv)

Microbus

36

15.815219610.2

Autobus

37

11.41292028.9

Metrobus

68

7.599

1834.2

Transport modes

Results

Results

Emission reductions per year 144 tons of THC 690 tons of NOx 2.8 tons of fine Particulate Matter 1.3 tons of SO2

Avoided health impacts per year: 6,100 work loss days 660 restricted activity days 12 new cases of chronic bronchitis 3 premature deaths These health benefits provide $3 million USD benefits per year

Travel time benefits per year Save over 2 million hours during peak hour ($1.3 million USD)

Cost of the Metrobús (infrastructure, vehicles, etc) was over 44 million USD

Metrobus corridor expects to eliminate 280,000 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions

Net Present Benefits$12.3 Million USD

Case study 3:

Efficient wood stoves in rural Mexico

Widespread use of wood stoves for cooking and heating in rural households in Mexico

• In Mexico 1 in every 5 households (80% of households in rural areas) use biomass in open «stoves».

• Inefficient use of natural resources• Emission of greenhouse gases • Emission of combustion gases and particles

which cause severe health effects mainly in women and children

Improved stoves tested for emissions, efficiency and acceptability

ONIL MEXALIT CITLALLI

PATSARI FIJA FOGÓN

Conclussions

• All improved stoves demonstrated advantages over traditional open stoves:

– Lower cooking time and less wood consumption

– Lower emissions of greenhouse gases

– Lower concentrations of CO and PM2.5

– PM2.5 levels were reduced from an average of 7000 µg/m3 to 100-600 µg/m3, still well above the 24-h standard (65 µg/m3).

– 100,000+ stoves will be install in next years (selected on the basis of the results of INE study).

Many thanks

Please visit the website of INE

www.ine.gob.mx