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January 18, 2011

“UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEM (UPS) TECHNOLOGY

UPDATE”

IEEE Industry Applications Society Atlanta Chapter

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

2

TYPES OF UPS TECHNOLOGIES

•STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION

•STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE

•FLYWHEEL-BASED

•ROTARY

•OFF-LINE

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

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STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION UPS TOPOLOGY

•NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-RECTIFIER-DC BUS- INVERTER-OUTPUT

•BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT

•STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY/FLYWHEEL-DC BUS- INVERTER-OUTPUT

•MAJOR MANUFACTURERS: GE, LIEBERT, MGE, MITSUBISHI, POWERWARE, TOSHIBA

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

4

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

5

STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•PWM IGBT RECTIFIERS INSTEAD OF SCRS•PWM IGBT INVERTERS•ELIMINATE INPUT AND OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS•USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE OPERATION•USER-SELECTABLE CAPACITY CONTROL•DISTRIBUTED OR SYSTEM STATIC BYPASS SWITCH

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STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•TYPICALLY 91%-96% AT FULL LOAD AND 90%- 94% AT HALF LOAD

•USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE 98%

•USER-SELECTABLE CAPACITY CONTROL CAN IMPROVE % AT LOW LOADS

UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

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THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 1

•ELIMINATING TRANSFORMERS REDUCES DC BUS SAFETY•INDUSTRY TREND IS TO ELIMINATE TRANSFORMERS•ELIMINATING THE OUTPUT TRANSFORMER MAY ELIMINATE A WYE-CONNECTED OUTPUT•INDUSTRY TREND IS TO PROVIDE DISTRIBUTED STATIC BYPASS SWITCHES•IN USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE MODE, SOME TRANSIENTS COULD GET THROUGH BEFORE THE UPS CAN REACT

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

8

STATIC, LINE-INTERACTIVE UPS TOPOLOGY

•NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-MAIN STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT

•BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-ALTERNATE STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT

•STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY-DC BUS-INVERTER- OUTPUT

•MANUFACTURER: APC (SYMMETRA MW)

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

9

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

10

STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•IMPROVED FIRMWARE CONTROL

STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•TYPICALLY 97% AT FULL LOAD, 96% AT HALF LOAD AND 94% AT QUARTER LOAD

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

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THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 2

•REDUCED DC BUS SAFETY

•SOME TRANSIENTS COULD GET THROUGH BEFORE THE UPS CAN REACT

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

12

FLYWHEEL-BASED UPS TOPOLOGY

•NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-MAIN STATIC SWITCH-INDUCTOR-OUTPUT

•BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-ALTERNATE STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT

•STORED POWER PATH: FLYWHEEL-CONVERTER- INDUCTOR-OUTPUT

•MANUFACTURER: ACTIVE POWER

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

13

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

14

FLYWHEEL-BASED UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•IMPROVED FIRMWARE CONTROL

STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•TYPICALLY 98% AT FULL LOAD AND 96% AT HALF LOAD

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

15

THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 3

•LIMITED ENERGY STORAGE – 14 SECONDS

•SYSTEM CAPACITY LIMITED BY THE CAPACITY OF ONE STANDBY GENERATOR

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

16

BASIC ROTARY UPS TOPOLOGY

•NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-RECTIFIER-INVERTER-SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE-OUTPUT

•BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-STATIC SWITCH - SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE –OUTPUT

•STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY-DC BUS-INVERTER- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE-OUTPUT

•MANUFACTURER: PILLER

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

17

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

18

VARIATION ON ROTARY UPS TECHNOLOGY, AKA DYNAMIC ROTARY UPS (DRUPS)

•NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-RECTIFIER-COUPLING CHOKE-OUTPUT•BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-BYPASS SWITCH - OUTPUT•STORED POWER PATH: ENGINE-COUPLING-ENERGY ACCUMULATOR-SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE- COUPLING CHOKE-OUTPUT•CAN OPERATE AT LOW VOLTAGE OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE •MANUFACTURERS: EURO-DIESEL, HITEC, PILLER

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

19

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20

ROTARY UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•IMPROVED FIRMWARE CONTROL•USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE OPERATION

ROTARY UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•TYPICALLY 92% AT FULL LOAD AND 88% AT HALF LOAD (BASIC)•TYPICALLY 96% AT FULL LOAD AND 48% AT HALF LOAD (VARIATION)

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

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THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 4

•VARIATION IS THE MOST UPS CAPACITY/SQUARE FOOT OF BUILDING AREA

•VARIATION HAS CONSTANT LOSSES, REGARDLESS OF LOAD

•VARIATION CAN SUPPLY LARGE MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEMS (VOLTAGE VARIES

BY MANUFACTURER)

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

22

OFFLINE UPS TOPOLOGY

•NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-STATIC SWITCH- OUTPUT•BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-BYPASS SWITCH- OUTPUT•STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY-INVERTER-STEPUP TRANSFORMER-OUTPUT•CAN OPERATE AT LOW OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE (UP TO 25KV)•MANUFACTURER: S&C

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UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

24

OFFLINE UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•CAPACITY UP TO 16MW PER SYSTEM•IMPROVED FIRMWARE•CAN ACCOMMODATE WET CELL OR VRLA BATTERIES•CAN ACCOMMODATE UP TO 20 MINUTES BATTERY OPERATION AT FULL LOAD•CAN BE INSTALLED INDOORS OR OUT DOORS•CAN UTILIZE METAL-ENCLOSED OR METAL-CLAD SWITCHGEAR•DISTRIBUTED OR SYSTEM STATIC BYPASS SWITCH

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OFFLINE UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY

•TYPICALLY 98%-99% AT ALL LOADS

THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 5

•SOME TRANSIENTS COULD GET THROUGH BEFORE THE UPS CAN REACT

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