Post on 20-Mar-2020
ConstructingSeismic Resistant Masonry Housesin Indonesia
Teddy Boen(Senior Advisor, World Seismic Safety Initiative)
Distributed by United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD)Disaster Management Planning Hyogo Office
United Nations
© 2009 United Nations
Mission Statement of UN/DESA
The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (a) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which State Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (b) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (c) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps built national capacities.
Designations employed and presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat or the United Nations Centre for Regional Development, concerning the legal status of any country or territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
CONSTRUCTING SEISMIC RESISTANT MASONRY HOUSES
TEDDY BOEN & ASSOCIATES
2005
2 M 2 M
1 M
A
WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE
TEDDY BOEN
Second Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, graphic, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except with the written permission of the writer / publisher.
If copying part of this book for non-commercial purposes, the source must be mentioned.
TABLE OF CONTENT
I. TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................................................................................................ III. PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... II1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LAYOUT OF HOUSES ....................................................................................................................................... 12. CLEAN WATER AND SEWERAGE ............................................................................................................................................... 23. PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC RESISTANT HOUSE CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 34. BUILDING MATERIALS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 45. ERECTION OF BATTER BOARDS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 56. RUBBLE (RIVER / QUARRY) STONE FOUNDATION ............................................................................................................................................... 67. REINFORCING BARS BENDING TOOL .................................................................................................................................................................... 78. LENGTH AND BENDING OF REINFORCING BARS ................................................................................................................................................. 8-11
8.A. BEAM REINFORCING BARS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8-98.B. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 108.C. STIRRUPS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
9. SEISMIC RESISTANT DETAILING OF JOINTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 1210. FOUNDATION BEAM REINFORCING DETAILING ................................................................................................................................................... 1311. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX ..................................................................................................................................................................................14-1512. PLACING CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION BEAM ...................................................................................................................................................... 1613. PLUMBNESS OF BRICK LAYING AND COLUMNS .................................................................................................................................................. 1714. BRICK WALL ............................................................................................................................................................................................ . 1815. AND PLACING CONCRETE IN ............................................................................ .19-2316. JOINT DETAILS AND BEAMS ................................................................................................................................. 2417. TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2518. GABLE WALL ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2619. ROOF COVERING ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................................................................28-29
.............................
.................REINFORCING BAR DETAILING COLUMNS ...........................
PLACING CONCRETE IN ........
page
I
II
PREFACE
Jakarta, April 2005
Teddy Boen & Associates
Throughout the centuries, earthquakes have taken a high toll of human lives and caused property losses. Earthquakes do not kill people but the collapse of man made buildings does.
Until today, human beings cannot prevent earthquakes, however, human beings can try to reduce the impact by designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Almost all of Indonesia is earthquake pone.
Currently people all over Indonesia build half brick masonry or concrete block houses. Masonry houses have become a new culture. Many of those masonry houses are built without confinement in the form of reinforced concrete beams and columns and in almost all past earthquakes, masonry houses without confinement generally were heavily damaged or collapsed. Half brick thick masonry wall houses without confinement is not recommended for earthquake prone areas.
Houses recommended to be built are half brick thick masonry wall with confinement in the form of foundation beam, practical columns and ring beam. Past earthquakes showed that such type of houses are earthquake resistant provided that they are built properly.
This guideline tries to explain in a simple way the principles of constructing half brick thick confined masonry houses.
This guideline contains the basic and elementary principles concerning how to lay bricks, how to prepare concrete mix, how to bend reinforcing bars, detailing of joints and other basic things already forgotten by local artisans, construction workers and by most engineers all over Indonesia.
The methods and details recommended in this guideline are basic and are minimum requirements for constructing earthquake resistant masonry houses.
Materials for this guideline are taken from ref 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 30 and 35.
It is hoped that this guideline is useful for the common people in earthquake prone areas and for stakeholders involved in reducing the impact of future earthquakes.
090
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LAYOUT OF HOUSES
X
XX
property line
building layout
build
ing
line
x : Distance from land borderfence
road
2. Building line
3. Layout: - House - Septic tank - Leaching - Drainage - Water pipe - Well4. Ground level shall be the 100 year flood level
1
Items to be observed:1. Distance of house from the property line Ratio of houses / property area Height of house shall be proportional Form should be suitable for local climate
090
well
septic tank, length 2,7m, height 1,5m, width 1mleaching, length 3m,height 1,2m, widht 1m
clean water pipe 1 1/4”
sewage pipe 6”
collection pit for sewage
rain water drain 30x30cm
manhole 45x45x45cm
city drainage
road
garbage collection pit 150x90x75cmcovered with galvanized iron sheet or timber
partition for organic & anorganic
>15 M
2
2. CLEAN WATER AND SEWERAGE
1 M
leaching from sewage
3
1. Good .2. Good .3. All building components (foundation, columns, beams, walls, roof trusses, roofing) be to each other, so that when , the building will act as .
quality materialsworkmanship
MUST TIED SHAKEN BY EARTHQUAKESONE INTEGRAL UNIT
r.c. beam
half-brick masonry wall
half-brick gable wall
r.c. beam
r.c beamstimber roof trusses
r.c. foundation beam
rubble stone foundationr.c. column
anchor min. �10mm length > 40cm
every 6 layers of brick
3. PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC RESISTANT HOUSE CONSTRUCTION
4
SAND:- from rivers / quarries- clean from mud- clean from organic materials SAND
GRAVEL
GRAVEL:- - clean from mud- clean from organic materials
- � 1-2cm
from rivers / quarries
NETTO 50 KG
BRICKS:- completely burnt- flat, not warping- does not break easily- uniform size- corners not damaged- minimum size 20x10x5cm 10cm
5cm
CONCRETE BLOCK:- best from concrete mix- corners not damaged- no cracks
20cm
20cm
20cm
40cm
40cm
WATER :- clean- clear and does not smell- no oil, acid, alkali, salt, organic materials that can affect the r.c. bars- potable
CEMENT: - Portland Cement - not hardened - dry - in 40/50 kg bags - not mixed with other materials - uniform color
length 3-4 m
TIMBER:- dry- straight- no cracks- no notch- treated against termite
RUBBLE STONE:- size as uniform as possible- rough surface, not smooth
R.C. BARS:- uniform size- conform with standard bars- not rusted- straight- diameter in accordance with drawings
10cm 10cm
4. BUILDING MATERIALS
5
2x20cm
upper level flat & smooth
batter board
wall axis
1 m
foundation excavation
brace 4x6cmto supportevery 2m
batter board
Detail A
min
80cm
building axis / cord
090
2 m 2 m
1m
A
boardbatter
nail 7cm
cordattached to nail
5. ERECTION OF BATTER BOARDS
ERECTION OF BATTER BOARD:1. is used as benchmark for the levels of the house.2. shall be erected prior to construction.3.
4. Upper part of 5.
6. Corners must be perpendicular.
BatterBatterBatter
batterbatter
board boards boards 2x20cm are supported by timber stakes 5/7cm and
placed 2m apart. board is flat and smooth.
Upper part of board must be horizontal and this leveling is done using flexible water tube.
2 m
1 m
1 m
leveled with water tubeto determine the level
try square
batter board
timber stakes 5/7cm
must beperpendicular
must beperpendicular
brace 4x6cmto support every 2mbatter board
6
concrete mix
loose rubble stone
minimum 80 cm
foundation excavation
min
imum
80
cm
lean concrete
anchor min. �10mm length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
stirrup��8mm distance <15cm
40d
column 12x12cm
r.c. bar min.�� 10 mm
foundation beam15x20cm
> 40 cm
rubble stone foundationanchor min. �10mmevery 1m
90
6. RUBBLE (RIVER / QUARRY) STONE FOUNDATION
Note:Loose rubble stone and sand is needed if the bottom is muddy.
level must be takenfor 100 year flood level
r.c. bar min.��10mm
7
Notes:�Prior to cutting reinforcing bars, the lengths of columns, beams
reinforcing bars & stirrups and length of hooks must be determined from construction drawings.
�After the reinforcing bars are cut based on the necessary length, the reinforcing bars are bent with appropriate bar bending tool and shaped into columns, beams, stirrups.
�Bending bars after the reinforcing bars are assembled is not correct.
clamp rodsembedded inbase timber beam
timber base clamping rods 8/15
minimum 60cm
� 8 mm
bar bender
� 10 mm
the groove must be in accordance with the bar diameter to be bent
7. REINFORCING BARS BENDING TOOL
clamp rodsembedded in
base timber beam
8
Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured from construction drawings, including the bends & hooks.Example: beam with 6m length from axis to axis, using
bar��10mm: Formula: A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F
A = 6000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mmF = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing bar axis G = column width = 120mm
Length of outer beam reinforcing bar:= = 6000 + 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25) - 2 (25)= 7040mm = 7,04 m
A + G + 2 (B + C + E) - 2F
B=40D
C =6D
1
B=40D
½ G E=2,5 D
E=2,5 D
8. A. BEAM REINFORCING BARS
F
1. OUTER BEAM REINFORCING BAR
column 12x12cm
2
A +
G +
2 (
B +
C +
E)
- 2F
= 7
040
mm
A +
G +
2B
- 2
F =
687
0 m
m
C=
6D
3
C=6D
length of bend is 6D = 60mm at both endsdistance of bend is 2,5 D = 25mm
A +
G +
B -
2F
= 6
470
mm
length of bar is bent 40D = 400mm
at one end
4
5
A +
G -
2F
= 6
070
mm
finally, the other endof reinforcing bar
is bent 40D = 400mm
E=2,5D
1
8. LENGTH AND BENDING OF REINFORCING BARS
A
½ G
D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
9
A
F
1
8. B. BESI TULANGAN BALOK
2. INNER BEAM REINFORCING BAR
2
A -
G +
2 (
B +
C +
E +
F)
= 6
900
mm
A -
G +
2 (
B +
F)
= 6
730
mm
3
A -
G +
B+
2F =
633
0 m
m
4
5
A -
G +
2F
= 5
930
mm
1
½ G
½ G
B=40D
E=2,5 D
C=6D
C=6D
E=2,5 D
B=40D
C=
6D
E=2,5D
D
C=6D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
C=6D
B=40D
Inner beam reinforcing bar calculation:Formula: A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F)
A = 6000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mmF = concrete cover = 2,5cm from the main reinforcing bar axis G = column width = 120mm
Length of inner beam reinforcing bar:= A - G + 2 (B + C + E + F)= 6000 - 120 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25 + 25)= 6900mm = 6,90 m
column 12x12cm
length of bend is 6D = 60mm at both endsdistance of bend is 2,5 D = 25mm
finally, the other endof reinforcing bar
is bent 40D = 400mm
length of bar is bent 40D = 400mm
at one end
1
A
2
A +
2 (
B +
C +
E)
= 39
70 m
m
A +
2B
= 3
800
mm
3 A +
B =
340
0 m
m
4
5
A
1
8. B. COLUMN REINFORCING BARS
B=40D
E=2,5 D
C=6D
C=6D
E=2,5 D
B=40D
10
C=
6D
E=2,5D
D
C=6D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
C=
6D
C=6D
B=40D
C=6D
B=40D
length of bend is 6D = 60mm at both endsdistance of bend is 2,5 D = 25mm
finally, the lowerof reinforcing bar
is bent 40D = 400mm
length of bar is bent 40D = 400mm
at the upper
Prior to cutting, reinforcing bar length to be measured from construction drawings, including the bends & hooks.Example: column with 3m height from axis to axis, using
bar��10mm: Formula: A + 2 (B + C + E)
A = 3000mmB = 40D = 400mmC = 6D = 60mmE = 2,5D = 25mmD = bar diameter = 10mm
Length of column reinforcing bar:= = 3000 + 2 (400 + 60 + 25)= 3970mm = 3,97m
Therefor, for 12m reinforcing bar, it can be obtained 3 column reinforcing bars for 3m height from axis to axis.
A + 2 (B + C + E)
1
2 (A
+ B
) + 2
(C +
E) -
8F
= 49
6 m
m
2
2A + B - 6F = 270 mm
length of bend 90 mm from (B - 2F)
reinforcing bar
3
C=6D
B -
2F
= 9
0 m
m
4
2 (A
+ B
) -
8F =
360
mm
C
6
finally, the stirrups are bent 90mm from (A - 2F )
45D
E =
2,5D
2,5D
C = 6
D
C
5
A - 2F = 90 mm
A +
B -
4F
= 1
80 m
m
stirrups are bent 90mm from(B - 2F)
C
8.C. STIRRUPS
11
concrete coverthickness 1,5cmfrom stirrup axis
F = 1,5 cm
C = 6D
2,5D
C
C
B -
2F
= 9
0 m
m
B -
2F
= 9
0 m
m
A - 2F = 90 mm
B
A
both ends of the stirrupsare bent 6D = 60mm
oat an angle of 45
Prior to cutting, stirrup reinforcing bar length to be measured from construction drawings, including the bends & hooks. The length is determined based on the stirrup axis with formula:perimeter of column / beam + 2 x hook length - 8 x concrete cover from stirrup axis
Example: stirrup of column 12x12 cm using bar���8mm: A = column width at one side = 120mmB = column width at the other side = 120mmC = 6D = 48mmE = 2,5D = 20mmD = bar diameter = 8mmF = concrete cover from stirrup axis = 15mm
Length of stirrup bar:= = = 496mm = 49,6cm
Formula: 2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F
2 (A + B) + 2 (C + E) - 8F2 (120 + 120) + 2 (48 + 20) - 8 x 15
12
IMPORTANT:- reinforcing bar diameter- bending method- joint detailing
Corner Joint
6D
40D
BENDING METHOD
Example:D = 10mm40D = 400mm40D = 40cm
Joint
Middle Joint
reinforcing bar min.���10 mm
!
stirrup min.length < 15cm
���8 mm
45
9. SEISMIC RESISTANT DETAILING OF JOINTS
40D
40D
15cm15cm
15cm
Top ViewTop View
40D 40D
15cm15cm
15cm
Side View
columnbeam
column
beam
beam beam
Side View
column reinforcing bar
min. ��10mm
anchor min. ��10mm, length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
>40 cm
stirrups min. ��8mm distance < 15cm
beam reinforcing bars
min.���10mm
Top View
40D 40D 40D
40D
>40 cm
10. FOUNDATION BEAM REINFORCING DETAILING
10.A. MIDDLE JOINT 10.A. CORNER JOINT
13
Top View
reinforcing bars
min.���10mm
beam reinforcing bars
min.���10mm
2
First step, pour 3 pails of gravel & mix properly with a hoe.
1
34
11. PREPARING CONCRETE MIX
14
gravel & sand is mixed evenly with
a hoe
Add 2 pails of sand & mix properly with a hoe.
mix properly with a hoe
Subsequently ,add one pail of cement & mix
with a hoe.properlygravel, sand &
cement is mixed
with a hoeproperly
gravel, sand & cement that are already mixed
properly
After the three ingredients are mixed.properly
too much water
Concrete mix that meets standard requirement: 3
Materials needed for 1 m of concrete:3
0,125 m water0,250 cement0,500 sand0,750 gravel
The ratio of water : cement : sand : gravel1 : 2 : 4 : 6
or½ : 1 : 2 : 3
3m
3m
3m
5 6
7
Example: good
15
Form a depression in the center.
mix with a hoe
properly
Add ½ pail of water & mix properly.
Finally test the concrete mix consistency by placing in your hand.
concrete mix: 1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel
concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar
stake 5/7 cm
brace 5/7 cmnailed to stake& stud
spreader 5/7 cm
stud 5/7 cm
form work sheathing20mm
rubble stonefoundation
concrete cover
surface must be horizontal stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
reinforcing bar���10mm
Concrete Mix:
1 pc (cement) 2 sand 3 gravel
Mix properly with appropriateamount of water
Expected min. compressive strength:2
= 150 kg/cm20 c
m
15 cm
12. PLACING CONCRETE IN FOUNDATION BEAM
CURING:�Before & after the form work is removed,
it must be sprayed routinely.�This applies to all reinforced
concrete components.
16
reinforcing bar���10mm
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
foundationbeam
13. PLUMBNESS OF BRICK LAYING AND COLUMNS
timber pole 4/6 cm
verticalplumb line
brickwork
plumb bob
foundationbeam
columnreinforcing
plumbbob
Note:Columns form work must be supported on 4 sides to warrant plumbness.
A
A
A: distance of plumb line to the column
17
Walls and columns must be plumb and can be done using plumb lines and pins (cord & plumb bob).Corners of walls must be perpendicular.
form work
timber pole 4/6 cmas form work bracing
verticalplumb line
timber pole 4/6 cm
foundationbeam
reinforcing bar min.��10mm
half brick masonry wall
column 12x12cm
foundation beam15x20 cm
Pull a cord to lay each layer of brick plus 1,5cm. The cord serve as horizontal guidance.
Mortar Mix:
1 pc (cement) 4 sand
mixed properly & add water appropriately
Curing:brick wall must be sprayed periodically
14. BRICK WALL
5 cm
cord
6,5c
m6,
5cm
6,5c
m
18
mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand
+ 1,5cm
+ 1,5 cm
column
brick wall
timber pole 5/7 cm along wall height erected to act as pilot for brick laying in
the vertical direction
cord
Top View
poor quality bricks break
quality bricks
DO NOT break
1/41/21/4
+ 1
,5cm
surface must behorizontal
bricks must be soaked minimum 10 minutes prior to
laying & shall be layed immediately
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
anchor min. ��10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand
half brick masonry wall
Timber pole to fix the cord is marked for every level of brick plus 1,5cm. The string is removed if the brick layer is completed.
Top View
r.c. column
brick wall
all form work must be tailored made & shall not
use arbitrary planks
concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar
12cm
12 c
m
Reinforcing Detailing
r.c. beam
foundation beam
column reinforcing bar
4�10-12mm
40D40D
40D40D
10 cm
12 cm
15. REINFORCING BAR DETAILING AND PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMNS
form work2/20 cm
19
foundation beam reinforcing bar
4�10-12mm
beam reinforcing bar
4�10-12mm
concrete mix: 1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel
Concrete Mix:
1 pc (cement) 2 sand
Mix properly; add water appropriately.Expected min. compressive strength
2of concrete = 150 kg/cm
3 gravelreinforcing bar
min.��10mm
stake 4/6 cm
mortar thickness 1,5 cmmortar mix 1 pc : 4 sand
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
beam stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
column stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
foundation beam stirrup
min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
15.A.I. PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH BRICK LAYING
reinforcingbars
timber brace4/6 cm
column reinforcing bar
half brick wall is provided with
to be filled with concretetoothed edges
II. THE HALF HEIGHT BRICK WALL IS ERECTEDPHASE I PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN AFTER
2
hal
f w
all h
eig
ht
form work half wall height
brace 4/6 cm nailed to form work
timber bracing
1 2
3
20
rough surface brick at junction with column
1/21
1/4 1/4
column isstraight
column with toothed edges brick wall
stake 4/6 cm
hal
f w
all h
eig
ht
Curing:brick wall & concrete must be sprayed periodically
rough surface brick at junction with column
anchor min. ��10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
Column reinforcing bars supported by timber bracing to prevent bending/leaning
form work is erected for the second half wall height
the form work can be removed minimum 3 days
afer placing concrete
III. PHASE II PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN
placing concrete after the brick wall
is completed
placing concrete after half height brick wall is erected se
con
d h
alf
wal
l hei
gh
t4
5
1 2
3 4club hammer
21
Note: placing concrete is done in one run & NOT IN STAGES
II. THE HALF HEIGHT BRICK WALL IS ERECTEDPHASE I PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMN AFTER
hal
f w
all h
eig
ht
hal
f w
all h
eig
ht
Curing:brick wall & concrete must be sprayed periodically
column is straight
seco
nd
hal
f w
all h
eig
ht
seco
nd
hal
f w
all h
eig
ht
column with toothed edges brick wall
to compact the concrete, a steel rod
�12mm is used to tramp & a club hammer
to tap the sides
hal
f co
lum
n h
eig
ht
form work erected full
height on 3 sides
timber bracing4/6 cm to support
form work
15.B.I. PLACING CONCRETE IN COLUMNS IN STAGES PRIOR TO THE BRICK LAYING
II. HALF OF THE COLUMNPLACING CONCRETE LOWER
22
Note: columns are supported on 4 sides to warrant plumbness during placing of concrete.
III. HALF OF THE COLUMNPLACING CONCRETE UPPER
club hammer
colu
mn
hei
gh
t
Curing:concrete must be sprayed periodically
the form work can be removed
minimum 3 days afer placing concrete
to compact the concrete,
a steel rod �12mm is used to tramp & a club hammer to tap the sides
Note: placing concrete is done in one run and NOT IN STAGES
anchor min. ��10mm,length > 40cm
every 6 layers of brick
column reinforcing bar
min.��10mm
form work is erected half column height
brace 4/6 cm nailed to
form work studstud 4/6 cm
15.C. PLACING CONCRETE IN FULL HEIGHT COLUMNS PRIOR TO BRICK LAYING
brace 4/6 cm to tie form work(when needed, number of bracing can be added)
23
club hammer
the form work can be removed minimum 3 days afer placing concrete
colu
mn
hei
gh
t
timber bracing 4/6 cm
to supportform work
colu
mn
hei
gh
t
Note: placing concrete is done in one run and NOT IN STAGES
Curing:concrete must be sprayed periodically
anchor min. ��10mm,length > 40cmevery 6 layers of brick
Note: columns are supported on 4 sides to warrant plumbness during placing of concrete.
form work is erected full column height & ready for placing concrete
to compact the concrete,
a steel rod �12mm is used to tramp & a club hammer to tap the sides
reinforced concrete beam
40 D 40 D
sheathing 2cm
tie wire
nail 7cm
brace 5/7 cm
brick work
reinforced concrete column
concrete surface must be leveled
20cm
12cm
16. JOINT DETAILS AND PLACING CONCRETE IN BEAMS
24
Concrete Mix:
1 pc (cement) 2 sand
Mix properly; add water appropriately.Expected min. compressive strength
2of concrete = 150 kg/cm
3 gravel
concrete mix: 1 cement : 2 sand : 3 gravel
concrete cover 2,5cmfrom axis of main reinforcing bar
reinforcing bar
min.��10mm
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
reinforcing bar min.��10mm
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cmreinforcing bar min.��10mm
Curing:brick wall & concrete must be sprayed periodically
reinforcing bar min.��10mm
cleat 5/7 cm every 50cm (if deemed necessary)
brace 5/7 cm
spreader 2/3 cm every 1m
stud 5/7 cm every 1m
stud 5/7 cm every 1m
spreader 2/3 cm every 1m
tie wire
brace 5/7 cm
nail 7cm
brace 5/7 cm
brick worksheathing 2cm
cleat 5/7 cm every 50cm (if deemed necessary)
timber bracingto tie trusses6/12 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
wooden pin min. �10mm
iron sheet 4.40 mm /plank 20.100 mm
bolt min. �10 mm
8/12 cm
8/1
2 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
anchor min. �10mm, length >40cm
8/12 cm
8/12 cm
6/12 cm 8/12 cm
8/12 cm
8/1
2 cm
8/12 cm
8/12 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
r.c. beam12/20 cm
column12/12 cm
tool to twist anchor bars made
of galvanized iron pipe > � 3“
with 2 holes
8/12 cm
17. TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES
steel clams 4.40 mm
25
iron sheet 4.40 mm /plank 20.100 mm
bolt min. �10 mm
cleat
bolt min. �10 mm
bolt min. �10 mm
40d 40d
18. GABLE WALL
40
d
40d40d
40d40d
40d 40d
26
reinforcing bar min.��10mm
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
stirrup min. ��8mm distance < 15 cm
reinforcing bar min.��10mm
Advantage of galvanized iron sheet roofing:- Light in weight- Easy to install
ridgecover ridge 6/12 cm
cleat
roof truss8/12 cm
screw
20 cm
20 cm
screwready to fixroof cover
fascia beam 6/12 cm
fascia 2/25 cm
cleat
galvanized ironsheet roof
+
19. ROOF COVERING
27
purlin 6/12 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
purlin 6/12 cm
ridgecover
screwgalvanized iron
sheet roof
cleat
roof truss 8/12 cm
galvanized ironsheet roof
screw
cleat
galvanized ironsheet roof
roof truss8/12 cm
roof truss8/12 cm
fascia beam2/25 cm
lead washer
REFERENCES[1] Boen, T., “Reconstruction of Houses in Aceh, Seven Months after the Earthquake dan Tsunami, Dec 26, 2004.” ICUS Conference, Singapore,
2005.[2] Boen, T., “Nias / Simeulue Earthquake March 28, 2005.” EERI Journal, Vol.39, 2005.[3] Boen, T. and Jigyasu, R., “Cultural Considerations for Post Disaster Reconstruction Post-Tsunami Challenges.” UNDP Conference, 2005.[4] Boen, T., “Membangun Rumah Tembokan Tahan Gempa”, 2005.[5] Boen, T., “Sumatra Earthquake, 26 December 2004.” Special Report ICUS, 2005.[6] Boen, T., “Earthquake Resistant Design of Non-Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EASEC Conference, Bali, Indonesia, 2003.[7] American Concrete Institute, ACI 318-02, 2002.[8] Boen, T., “Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Kamakura, 2001.[9] Boen, T., “Earthquake Resistant Design of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Bali, 2001.[10] Boen, T., et. al., “Post Earthquake Disaster Relocation: Indonesia's Experience.” APEC Conference, Taiwan, 2001.[11] Boen, T., “Impact of Earthquake on School Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Kobe, Jepang, 2001.[12] Boen, T., “Disaster Mitigation of Non Engineered Buildings in Indonesia.” EQTAP Conference, Manila, 2001.[13] Boen, T., Gempa Bumi Bengkulu: Fenomena, dan Perbaikan / Perkuatan Bangunan (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan-
Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Bengkulu, 4 Juni 2000), 2000.[14] Fanella, David A., Seismic Detailing of Concrete Buidings, Portland Cement Association, 2000.[15] Tomazevic, Miha, Earthquake Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings, Imperial College Press 1999.[16] Pande, et. al., Computer Methods in Structural Masonry, Proceeding 4th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Structural Masonry,
1998.[17] Boen, T., Bencana Gempa Bumi: Fenomena, Akibat, dan Perbaikan / Perkuatan Bangunan yang Rusak (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap
Bangunan-Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Biak, 17 Februari 1996), 1996.[18] Shah, H., and Boen, T., Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Model for Indonesia, 1996.[19] Kicklighter, Modern Masonry: Brick, Block, Stone, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher, 1996.[20] Boen, T., Manual Perbaikan dan Perkuatan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Berdasarkan Hasil Pengamatan terhadap Bangunan yang
Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Kerinci, 7 Oktober 1995), 1995.[21] Boen, T., Earthquake Hazard Mitigation in Developing Countries, the Indonesian Experience, 1994.[22] Boen, T., Manual Perbaikan Bangunan yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Hasil Survey Gempa Lampung Barat, 16 Februari 1994), 1994.[23] Boen, T., Anjuran Perbaikan Detail Struktur Bangunan Sederhana yag Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi (Hasil Surey Gempa Bumi Halamahera, 21-1-
1994) , 1994.[24] Boen, T., Manual Perbaikan Bangunan Sederhana yang Rusak akibat Gempa Bumi Flores, Desember 1992.[25] Pauley & Priestley, Seismic Design of Reinforce and Masonry, John Wiley & Sons, Canada, Ltd, 1992.[26] Brett, Peter, Formwork and Concrete Practice, Heineman Professional Publishing, 1988.
28
29
WORLD SEISMIC SAFETY INITIATIVE
TEDDY BOEN
[27] Curtin, Shaw, Beck, Structural Masonry Designers Manual, BSP Professional Books, 1987.[28] IAEE Committee on Non-Engineered Construction, Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Non-Engineered Construction, The International Association
for Earthquake Engineering, 1986.[29] CIB/W-73, “Small Buildings and Community Development.” Proceedings, International Conference on Natural Hazards Mitigation Research and
Practice, 1984.[30] Boen, T., Manual Bangunan Tahan Gempa (Rumah Tinggal), 1978.[31] National Science Foundation, Earthquake Resistant Masonry Construction: National Workshop, 1977.[32] Sharma, S.K. dan Kaul, B.K., A Text Book of Building Construction, S. Chand dan Co. (Pvt) Ltd., 1976.[33] Fintel, Mark, Handbook of Concrete Engineering, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1974.[34] Neville, A.M., Properties of Concrete, Pitman Publishing, 1973.[35] Sahlin, Sven, Structural Masonry, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971.[36] Unesco, Reinforced Concrete, an International Manual, Butterworths, 1971.[37] Boen, T., Dasar-Dasar Perencanaan Bangunan Tahan Gempa, 1969.[38] Portland Cement Association, Concrete Technology, Student Manual, D.B. Taraporevala Sons dan Co. Private Ltd,. 1969.[39] Rooseno, Beton Tulang, Pembangunan Djakarta, 1954.