Post on 07-Apr-2018
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THE CONSTITUTIONARTICLES
OFCONFEDERATION
THE
FRAMERS
BILL
OF RIGHTS
RATIFICATION
COMPROMISES
AMENDMENT
PROCESS
ARTICLES
MOVEMENT TO
CONSTITUTION
THE
CONVENTION
SEPERATION
OF
POWER
TERMS
CHECKS
AND
BALANCES
PREAMBLE
AMENDMENTS
11-27
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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
FEATURES
OF THE
ARTICLES
WEAKNESSES
OF THE
ARTICLES
The first official government of the United States was theArticles of Confederation. The articles reflected the
countrys fear of strong central government, and over time
would prove to be ineffective, cumbersome, weak and
unable to meet the needs of the new nation.
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FEATURES OF THE ARTICLESThe Articles as stated earlier had a number of features that showed
their fear of a strong central government or a situation like they hadleft with the King. Among the features:
1. No Chief Executive
2. Laws needed approval by 9 of the 13 states
3. No taxing power for Congress, request money from the states
4. Congress could not draft soldiers, again only request from states
5. No national court system
6. Any amendments required unanimous decision by states
7. Congress couldnt collect money owed to them by the states
8. Congress couldnt settle disputes between states
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WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLESThe weaknesses of the Articles is directly reflected by the
characteristics.
1. No Chief Executive left the country without leadership
2. Because they could not tax or collect debts owed the government
did not have the money to run the country properly
3. Needing 9 states to pass a law and all 13 to make an amendment,it was difficult if not impossible to make necessary changes
4. Without the power to daft an army, the government was unable
to properly protect the country
5. No national court system, created a system of varying law from
state to state, and a lack of enforcement by the government.
6. Not having the power to settle disputes between the states let
conflicts grow, and cause more disunity between the states.
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TOWARDS A NEW GOVERNMENTAs dissatisfaction with Articles of Confederation started to grow,
some influential leaders started working themselves toward makingchanges in their government. First George Washington hosted a
meeting between Virginia and Maryland to help settle disputes
between the two state. The success of that meeting encouraged some
to call for a convention at Annapolis to discuss possible changes.
While not enough representatives showed to do any real work at
Annapolis, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison did show, and
had several meetings, deciding to hold a convention in Philadelphia
to, "take into consideration the situation of the United States, to
devise such further provisions as shall appear to them necessary torender the constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the
exigencies of the Union."
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THE CONVENTION
May 25, 1787, at the Pennsylvania State House is wherethe men would meet. Robert Morris nominated Gen.
George Washington for the presidency of the
Constitutional Convention. The vote was unanimous. To
many the general's mere presence boded well for theconvention. Washington almost remained at home,
suffering from rheumatism, the loss of his brother, and
doubting that the convention would accomplish much he
delayed accepting the invitation, finally agreeing to makethe trip after much deliberation.
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THE FRAMERS74 delegates were appointed to the convention, 55 actually
attended sessions. Rhode Island was the only state that
refused to send delegates because of their distrust of big
business. It has been said that the best and brightest of the
country were in attendance. This included Benjamin
Franklin, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton
and others. There were some key leaders missing though.
They were without John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and John
Adams who were working on foreign affairs assignments.
Also absent was Patrick Henry who highly distrusted the
whole thing, as he said, I smell a rat.
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COMPROMISES
3/5
COMPROMISE
THE
GREATCOMPROMISE
COMMERCE &
SLAVE TRADECOMPROMISE
The Constitution is really a collection of a lot of
compromises. Thus, its nickname The Bundle ofCompromises Of the many compromises the three
that we are most interested in are below. These three
along with the others and the spirit of cooperation that
existed at the convention are what make theConstitution special.
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THE GREAT COMPROMISEThe Great Compromise, or Connecticut Compromise is probably the
most famous of the compromises. It settled the issue of the structureof and representation in the legislative branch. James Madison
proposed the Virginia Plan orLarge States Plan which suggested
representation in the legislature be based on population. William
Patterson suggested theNew Jersey Plan orSmall States Plan which
called for equal representation for every state regardless of
population or size. This dispute between large and small states
threatened to end the convention.
Roger Sherman would come to the rescue with his Connecticut
Compromise, or Great Compromise which created a bicameralor twohouse legislature with the one house based on population the other
based on equal (2) representatives per state. This was agreed upon
and is the structure we still use.
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3/5 COMPROMISE
Once the structure of the Legislative branch was decidedthe next big question came in deciding population and
taxation, specifically how slaves would be counted.
The Southern states wanted to count slaves as population
towards representation, but not for taxation.
The Northern states wanted the opposite. They wanted
them counted for taxation but towards representation.
Oliver Ellsworth suggested counting slaves as 3/5 of a
person for both representation and taxation. After a week
of discussion it was agreed upon and made so
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COMMERCE COMPROMISEThe last of the major compromises was the Commerce and Slave
Trade Compromise. It helped settle the issue of commerce (trade)
and fugitive slaves.
The South wanted a stronger fugitive slave law, and did not want
the government controlling their trade especially their cotton
exports.
The North on the other hand wanted slaves who reached free
territory to be free. They also wanted an end to the slave trade,
and wanted the government to regulate domestic and international
trade.
The compromise resulted in the following provisions:
Stronger fugitive slave law
Government controls trade but cannot tax exports.
Government cannot touch slave trade for 20 years
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ARTICLES
ARTICLE
I
ARTICLEV
ARTICLEIV
ARTICLE
II
ARTICLEVI
ARTICLE
III
ARTICLEVII
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ARICLE I
Establishes the Legislative Branch
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ARTICLE II
Establishes the Executive Branch
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ARTICLE III
Establishes the Judicial Branch
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ARTICLE IV
Deals with Interstate Relations
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THE AMENDMENT PROCESS
ARTICLE V
Outline the Amendment Process
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ARTICLE VI
Establishes the idea of National
Supremacy
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ARTICLE VII
Outlines the Ratification Process
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BILL OF RIGHTS
AMENDMENT
IV
AMENDMENT
VIII
AMENDMENT
VII
AMENDMENT
V
AMENDMENT
IX
AMENDMENT
VI
AMENDMENTI
AMENDMENTII
AMENDMENTIII
AMENDMENT
X
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AMENDMENT I
Religion
Speech
Press
Peaceful Assembly
Petition
Rights
:
This allows us to speak our minds about
what we want without oppression and
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AMENDMENT II
The Right to bear arms and to form state militia
This amendment allows citizens to
defend themselves from danger.
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AMENDMENT III
The right to decide on whether or notto quarter soldiers.
This amendment protects our privacy and
allows us to have freedom.
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AMENDMENT IV
This amendment prevents Unreasonable Searchand Seizure unless accompanied with a warrant.
This amendment protects your privacy and does not allow police
to arrest you without probable cause.
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AMENDMENT V
No Self-Incrimination
No Double Jeopardy
Cannot be deprived
of life, liberty, orproperty without justcompensation.
This protects yourrights as a citizeneven if you aresuspect of committing
a crime.
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AMENDMENT VI
This amendment gives a citizen the right to aspeedy trial by an impartial jury in the state in which
the crime was committed and to be told what crime
you are being accused for. You are also told who is
testifying against you.
This amendment protects your rights and
liberties as a citizen of the U.S.
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AMENDMENT VII
All jury cases exceeding twenty dollars in all U.S.
courts will be preserved under this amendment.
This allows the accused to be represented in court
whether they can afford it or not.
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AMENDMENT VIII
This amendment states that large amounts of bailor fines or cruel and unusual punishment shall be
inflicted upon the accused.
This amendment gives fairness in all punishments
given out.
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AMENDMENT IX
The amount of rights a citizen has is endlessbut the constitution states all basic rights and shall
not be denied to the citizens, unless a crime is
committed.
This protects all our basic rights as citizens of the U.S.
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AMENDMENT X
Any right not expressly given to the National
Government is reserved to the State Government
or the people.
The National Government cannot take all the
powers that arise after the Constitution is established.
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RATIFICATIONOnce they completed this new government, the Framers
started the process of ratifying (formal approval) of the
Constitution. As outlined in the Constitution they need 9of the 13 states to consider the Constitution in effect. In
spite of the fact that they had nine states they were very
concerned that it did not include either New York or
Virginia (the 2 most populated states). These two statesturned into a battleground. John Jay , James Madison,
and Alexander Hamilton published a series of 74 essays
called the Federalist Papers. Both Virginia and New York
would ratify the Constitution, as would the other 11 in theend. The new government set up in it new capital of New
York City. They elected George Washington unanimously
the first president.
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AMENDMENT PROCESSThere are essentially two ways spelled out in the Constitution for
how it can be amended. One has never been used.
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TERMSRATIFICATION FORMALLY APPROVE
JUDICIAL REVIEW-POWER TO DECLARE LAWS ORACTIONS UNCONSTITUTIONAL
FEDERALIST PERSON INFAVOROF THE
CONSTITUTION
ANTI-FEDERALIST PERSONOPPOSED TO THECONSTITUTION
FEDERALISM- SHARINGOF POWER BETWEEN
STATEAND FEDERALGOVERNMENTS
BUNDLE OF COMPROMISES NICKNAMEGIVEN TOTHECONSTITUTION
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SEPERATION OF POWEREach branch of the government has particular powers,
including certain powers over the other branches.
This is done to keep them balanced and to prevent onebranch form ever gaining too much power. The power
branches have over each other are called checks.
Legislative
BranchMakes the laws
Executive
Branch
Enforces and carries out
the laws.Judicial
BranchInterprets the laws
CHECKS AND BALANCES
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CHECKS AND BALANCES
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CONSTITUTIONAL PREAMBLE Intro that states the goal and purpose of the govt.
Why the Constitution was written
Six purposes.
1. United the states more effectively as a single nation.
2. Create a system of fair laws and to ensure govt treats peoplefairly.
3. To maintain peace and order, keeping property and citizens
safe
4. To have a standing ready army for national protection
5. To help citizens live healthy, happy and prosperous lives
6. To guarantee rights of people and their children.
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AMENDMENTS 11-15
11th: SUITS AGAINST THE STATESCitizens from one statecannot sue a citizen from another state without that states approval.
12th: Requires presidential electors to vote separately for president
and vice president.
13th: Abolished slavery
14th: RIGHTS OF CITIZENSOriginally intended to protect
rights of freedmen, today it prohibits states to deprive any person of
life, liberty or property without due process of the law.
15th: VOTING RIGHTSGuaranteed voting rights and outlawed
denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous servitude.
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AMENDMENTS 16-22
16TH: INCOME TAXCongress can levy an income tax.
17th: POPULAR ELECTIONS OF U.S. SENATORS.
18TH: PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL.
19TH: WOMENS SUFFERAGERight to vote.
20th: LAME DUCK Set new dates for Inauguration of the
President to Jan. 20 and Set Congress opening for Jan 3
21st: REPEALED THE 18THFederal govt may regulate alcohol.
22nd: LIMIT TO PRESIDENTIAL TERMS.
Limits President to two terms or maximum of 10
yrs
.
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AMENDMENTS 23-27
24th: PROBID POLL TAX FOR FEDERAL ELECTIONS
25th: SUCCESSION OF PRESIDENT.Also describes the rules for filling in the Vice President
vacancy
26th: RIGHT TO VOTE AGE 18 Was 21.
27th: CONGRESSIONAL SALARIES. Congress cannot give
themselves a pay raise until after the next election.
23rd
: VOTING RIGHTS TO D.C. CITIZENS..