Ir Maurice Bottiau

Concrete &DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Deep Foundations

Piling• Driven

– Precast– Cast-in-situ

• Bored– CFA– Kelly

• Displacement auger

Soil Improvement• Injections• Stone columns• Jetgrouting• Rigid inclusions• Soilmix

Retaining walls• Diaphragm

walls• Pile walls• Soilmix

Driven piles

Bored piles

Secant pile walls

Diaphragm walls

Foundation performance

It’s all about reliability

Soil type Construction Monitoring and testing

Soil characteristics

Importance of soil characterizationIntermediate or particular soil types

Layered conditions

Deep Foundation construction

Systems and installation parametersEquipment

Materials

Monitoring & Testing

Document pile installationCheck design and/or execution

Detect defaults

Codes : European execution codes

• Deep Foundations construction : – CEN TC 288 : Execution of

special geotechnical works(1992)

• Concrete :– TC 104 : NBN EN 206-

1:2013 and its annex D.• Testing:

– TC 341 :

EN 1536EN 1537EN 1538EN 12063EN 12699EN 12715EN 12716EN 14199EN 14475EN 14490EN 14679EN 14731EN 25237

Bored PIlesInjection AnchorDiaphragm Wall

Sheet PileDisplacement Pile

InjectionsJet GroutingMicro PIles

Reinforced EarthSoil Nailing

Deep Soil MixingDeep Vibro Densification

Vertical Drain

Deep Foundations and…

CONCRETE

Deep Foundations and concrete

Deep Foundations classification w.r.t concrete

Direct casting under gravity• Driven Cast-

in-situ• Some

displacement auger

Tremie pipe casting• Bored piles• Diaphragm

walls

Pumping through hollow stem • Augercast (CFA)• Cased auger

(pile walls)• Some

displacement auger

Direct casting under gravity

Execution sequence

Typical diameter driving tube and bottom plate (mm)273 (310, 330)300 (330, 350, 365)323 (365, 380, 400)365 (400, 410, 435)380 (435, 450, 465)406 (465, 480, 500)457 (520, 535, 560)508 (560, 580, 615)559 (615, 640, 660, 680)610 (660, 680, 710, 740)

Driven cast in situ concrete pile

Displacement cast in situ augercast type ATLAS

Direct casting under gravity

• Usually limited to diameters < 650 mm.• Casting “in dry conditions” but concrete

directly in contact with water and soil.• Plastic concrete with high resistance against

segregation.• Attention to bleeding due to installation

process (=displacement).

Pumping through hollow stem

Cased Augercast (FOW) piles

Pumping through hollow stem

• Augercast systems• Difference between closed and open circuits.• High slump concrete > 180 mm• Usually placed in submerged conditions• Usually small quantities of concrete per pile : 1-4

m³/pile.• Mixers stay on site for 2-4 hours…• Placement of reinforcement cage in fresh

concrete

Tremie pipe casting

Bored piles

Principle of execution

Bruface, Geotechnical Eng., C. Bauduin

BORED PILES

Concrete for bored piles

Diaphragm walls

Diaphragm walls

• Pour through tremie pipe to avoid segregation

• Pipe at pile/excavationbottom, concrete pushes aside residues and not cleaned deposits on bottom

• Continuous concrete pouring operation while tremie pipe remains 1,5 to 2 m in fresh concrete; pipe is retracted during pouring

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Tremie Concreting Process

Tremie pipe casting

• For large diameter bored piles and diaphragm walls.• High slump concrete.• Usually placed under submerged conditions• Large quantities (sometimes > 200 m³)• Concreting cadence : 50 to 80 m³/h• Concrete should remain workable through the whole

process. Attention to timeframe!• Concrete should be able to completely fill the

excavation and embed any reinforcement or box-out

D wall concreting process

D wall concreting process

• Concrete surface should be kept as horizontalas possible.

• Three measurement points.

D Wall concreting process

• Placement is usually in wet conditions• Sometimes casted at large depths (> 50 m), or pumped

on long distances• Through small diameters tremie pipes or hollow stem

of augers.• Against soil and/or supporting fluid• Sufficiently workable to fill the voids created by the

tubes/tools or present in the surrounding soil• Technological aspects linked with reinforcement

/cover/tolerances…• Attention to supply cadences and continuity

Deep Foundations and concrete

Concrete for Deep Foundations-General requirements (1)

Special properties in concrete’s fresh stage (during the casting process) :• completely fill the excavation and embed any

reinforcement or box-out, • allow self-levelling and self-consolidation, • not undergo excessive segregation, bleeding,

or filtration

Rheology

• Rheology determines the success of placement and the quality of the final product.

• The key rheological characteristics are:-– Workability (ability to completely fill the excavation

and compact by gravity);– Flow retention (how long specified fresh properties

will be retained); and– Stability (resistance to segregation, bleeding and

filtration).

Concrete for Deep Foundations-General requirements (2)

Design of concrete mix:• durability in addition to strength • tendency to specify

– higher strength classes (C35/45)– lower water/cement ratios.

• Higher dependence on chemical admixtures

5 components concrete mix

• Revised version of NBN EN 206-1:2013 : specification, performances, production and conformity of concrete

• Annex D : additonnal requirements for concrete for special geotechnical works(formerly in EN 1536:2010 and EN 1538:2010)

Revision of EN 206-1

Concrete for deep foundations

Mix proportions (acc EN 1536)Cement content

− Placement in dry conditions

− Placement in submerged conditions

≥ 325 kg/m³

≥ 375 kg/m³Water – cement ratio (W/C) < 0,6Fines content, d< 0,125( mm (inclusive cement)

− Coarse aggregate d > 8mm

− Coarse aggregate d≤ 8 mm

≥ 400 kg/m³

≥ 450 kg/m³

Consistency rate for fresh concrete in different conditions (acc EN 1536)Flow diameter range

mm

Slump range

mm

Typical conditions

(examples)500 150 Concrete placed in dry conditions560 180 Placed by pumping or

Concrete placed in submerged conditionsunder water by tremie

600 200 Concrete placed by tremie in submergedconditions under a stabilising fluid

Note: the measured slump (H) or flow diameter Φ is to be rounded up to the nearest10 mm

BORED or DISPLACEMENT PILES Concreting mix and propertiesaccording NBN EN 206-1:2013 - annex D

ABEF/CSTSC specs for D Walls

Control and testing

Controls on site• Rheology

– Rheometer• Workability

– SFlow table test acc. to EN 12350-5– Slump test acc. to EN 12350-2, ASTM

C143– Slump Flow test acc. to EN 12350-8,

ASTM C1611– L-Box test acc. to EN 12350-10

• Workability time– Knead bag test

• Stability– Static Segregation or Washout test acc.

to ASTM C1610– Bleeding test acc. to EN480-4, ASTM

C232 – Visual Stability Index Test (VSI) acc. to

ASTM C1611– Concrete Filter Press test acc. to tone –

Betone mit Konsistenz ≥ F 59– Bauer filter press acc. to Australian

Tremie Handbook

Tests after execution• Direct Testing methods

– Coring within the foundation – Closed circuit television (CCTV)

inspection of the foundation and its base, inside a drilled hole.

– Excavation to inspect the surface of the foundation.

– Extraction of a pile.

• Cross hole sonic logging• Thermal Integrity Profiling• Gamma logging

Control Timeframe

Bauer test

• Principle: The test simulates the water retention ability of fresh concrete under hydrostatic pressure and determines the filter loss through a filter.

• Procedure: A cylindrical container is filled with 1.5 l of fresh concrete and pressurized with compressed air (5 bar). The water which separates from bulk concrete through a filter paper is collected at the bottom of the container in a cylinder. The recorded filter loss is a measure for filter stability of the concrete.

Bored piles testing

• NDT : Non-Destructive Test methods to evaluate structural integrity is pulse echo or low strain testing

• CSL : Crosshole Sonic Logging uses the propagation time and relative energy of an ultrasonic pulse

• Core drilling of the base of the pile (or the defect zone identified by CSL)

TIP: Thermal Integrity Profiling (TIP)

Materials and execution processare closely linked…

…and should remain in the samehands!

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Concrete is key in structural capacityand essential to Deep Foundation Performance

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Concrete for Deep Foundations:• Specific requirements• Specific delivery aspects• Specific testing methods

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Deep foundations specialistswant to keep the full control of the deliveries!

PileFoundations

Thank you for your kind attention