Conceptual modelling for the management of environmental · PDF file1 Territories,...

1Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF

Conceptual modelling for the Conceptual modelling for the management of environmental datamanagement of environmental data

Thérèse LIBOUREL ROUGElibourel@lirmm.fr

ProfessorMontpellier Laboratory of Computer Science, Robotics and Microelectronics

CNRS – University of Montpellier 2

METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 –– Montpellier Montpellier -- February 2007February 2007

Information Management in Environmental SciencesInformation Management in Environmental Sciences

2 / 71

Conceptual modelling Conceptual modelling for for the the management of management of environmental environmental datadata

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Object concepts and UML formalism

• Functional model

• Structural model

• Dynamic model

• EIS specificities

• Conclusion and perspectives

3 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

4 / 71

IntroductionIntroduction

Environmental information systems

Environment

Legislation, policy

Social

5 / 71

Physical organization of data

Data storage structures

Accelerating structures (index)

Dependent on the data model

Dependent on the DBMSPhysical

Independent of the DBMS

Logical

Independent of the data model

Conceptual

The real

6 / 71

The approach and the modelling are essential

…. for future extensions…. for exchange

A model is a simplification/abstraction of the reality

Constructing models allows us to better understand the systems we are developing …

7 / 71

Why methods?

A necessity: reduce the gaps

The real The computer-based world

• Evolutionary

• Ambiguity

• Codified languages

• Unique semantics

8 / 71

The methods = structuring guides

• Decomposition of work

• Organization into stages

• Founding concepts

• Semi-formal representations

Ensure a reproducible approach to obtain reliable results

9 / 71

An analysis and design method proposes an approach that distinguishes the

development stages of a software’s life cyclebases itself on a representation formalism that

facilitates communication, organization and verification

The modelling languageproduces documents (models) that facilitate feedback

on the design and evolution of applications

To summarize …

10 / 71

The trend towards EIS

• Systemic methods vs. object methods

• E/R vs. OO data modelling

• From closed formalisms to extensible formalisms (ex. UML)

• From aspatial and atemporal formalisms to formalism with spatialand temporal extension

11 / 71

• CONGOO [Pantazis and Donnay, 1996]• Geo-ER [Hadzilacos and Tryfona, 1997]• Geo-OM [Tryfona et al., 1997]• GeoOOA with its modelling software [Kösters et al.,

1997]• MADS with its modelling software [Parent et al., 1997]• Modul-R with its modelling software and its automatic

code generator [Bédard and Paquette, 1989; Pageau and Bédard, 1992; Caron et al., 1993; Bédard et al., 1996] …

PERCEPTORY • OMEGA and AIGLE [El Bath, 1997] • POLLEN [Gayte et al., 1997]

12 / 71

People Project

Product

Process

Artefact, result

participants

automatization

Keywords

The 4 P’s

Object-oriented approach for projects

13 / 71

UML: a formal description language

Accepted by the OMG – 1997A unique common language:

A meta-model A less ambiguous language A simple graphical notation,

Comprehensible by non-computer-specialists Allows communication between actors

Has become THE reference for object modelling

14 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

15 / 71

The perception of models The graphical views (diagrams)

Class diagramsObject diagrams

Sequence diagramsCollaboration diagrams

State-transition diagramsActivity diagrams

Use case diagramsComponent diagramsDeployment diagrams

Object concepts and ULM formalismObject concepts and ULM formalism

16 / 71

System functions fromthe user’s point of view.

Physicalcomponentsof an application.

Representationof behaviour interms of states.

Static structure of classes and relationships between these classes.

Schemas for installationof components on the hardware mechanisms.

Representation ofoperational behaviourin terms of actions.

Representation of objects,mutual links and potentialinteractions.

Objects and basic relationshipsbetween these objects.

17 / 71

Construction structure

Model orientation by use cases

Use cases

Logic Implementation

Processes Deployment

classes/dynamics components

use case + scenarios

scenarios on the componentsconcurrencedistributiontolerance to breakdowns

Components ‘projected’on the hardware

18 / 71

• Descriptive models from the users’ points of view

• Functional scenarios

The manner of using the system

The ‘USE CASEs’

Functional model Functional model

19 / 71

Two concepts

Use case

Actor (Producer)

Actor (Decider)

<<communicate>>

<<communicate >>

Displayindicators

Managedata

20 / 71

Actor (role 1)

Actor (role 2)

‘use’‘extend’

Use cases can be linked by relationships– ‘use’ usage (decomposition)

– ‘extend’ refinements (exceptions processing)

21 / 71

Diagram of the ‘static context’

system

Actor (role 2)

Actor (role 1)

‘actor’ role

association

22 / 71

In UML, the structural or static model is described using two types of diagrams

Class diagramsdescription of all or part of a system in an abstract way, in terms of classes, structure and associations.

Object diagramsdescription of configuration examples of all or part of the system, in terms of objects, values and links.

Structural model Structural model

23 / 71

Objects in the real world Computer-based objects

Hidden internalstate

Visiblebehaviour

The objects

24 / 71

Behaviour influences stateState reflects past behaviours

Object

State evolves over time

Behaviour actions and reactions

Identity essence

25 / 71

Sophie

System

: Professor

: Discipline

Two objects orinstances

26 / 71

Discipline

LabelnbhCoursenbhPracticals

Describe ()Inscribe (e: Student)

Operations and methods

Methods

Implementations

name of the

attributes

operations

27 / 71

Attributes (properties)

Discipline

: Discipline

Label =ACOnbhCourse=12nbhPracticals=15

Instance

Attribute values (State)

‘is-instance-of ‘

28 / 71

Association/Link(analogy Class/Instance)

Discipline Teacher

label name

Is-taught

Association

: Discipline

label=ACO:Teacher

name = Louis

Is-taught

29 / 71

Association in general is binary (degree = 2) but...

Member copyborrow

ReadingMechanism

Association name

Binary association

Ternary association

30 / 71

Multiplicity and an association’s roles

Company Individual

Nameaddress

nameBirth dateSS no.address

employs

works-for

employer employee

worker

* 1..*

31 / 71

Enterprise Individual

nameaddress

namedate of birthaddress

quantity

Possesses-shares

capital shareholder

Association classAssociation class

PossessionLine of

portfolio

* 1..*

32 / 71

Other ‘abstractions’

• Specific associations (composition/aggregation)

• Specialization/generalization

33 / 71

Specific association All/part

Title bar B’ground Scroll barBorder

IndicatorTitle Close button Arrow

Window

CompositionStructural model Structural model

34 / 71

Aggregation

Semantic Collection/Item

Forest1

Region

Country

35 / 71

Composition/Aggregation

Constraints

- Exclusivity/Sharing

- Dependence/Independence

Propagation/Distribution

36 / 71

Generalization/Specialization

Mechanism for intellectual inference of characteristicsEither we refine (specialization)Or we abstract (generalization)

SemanticSet-theoretic point of viewLogical point of view

37 / 71

Individual

name address

Teacher

grade address

{disjoint}

Student

ID no. address

38 / 71

Pump Heat exchanger

Centrifugal pump

Submersiblepump

Pressure tank

Equipment

Type of equipment

Type of pump

Type of tank

Generalization/SpecializationStructural model Structural model

39 / 71

Terrestrial vehicle Aquatic vehicle

Car Amphibious vehicle Ship

Vehicle

Multiple generalization/Specialization

40 / 71

Composition/Aggregation or Generalization/Specialization?

• Aggregation � link between instances�an aggregation tree is composed of objects

that are part of a composite object

• Generalization � link between classes

41 / 71

The constraints

• The constraints are predicates, that can apply to several items of the static model, which have to be verified at all times.

• The constraints allow details to be taken into account at a very fine granularity in a class diagram. They can express conditions or restrictions.

• In UML, the constraints are expressed in textual form, between brackets and, preferably, in OCL (Object Constraint Language).

• Constraints are inherited.

42 / 71

The constraints

Individual Committee

presides *1

memberOf**

{subset}

{ordered} Constraint on

association extremity

Constraint between two associations

43 / 71

active: Real {value ≥ 0}passive: Real

The constraints

Constraint on class

Individual

subordinate

<commands

Company

{ active = passive }

{ Individual.employer =Individual.head.employer }

employer

* 1..* 0..10..1

Constraint on attribute

Constraints on 2 associations

44 / 71

• Collaboration diagrams

• Sequence diagrams

• State-transition diagrams

• Activity diagrams (not covered)

Describes interactions between objectsand changes that take place over time

Dynamic model Dynamic model

45 / 71

Communication

Region

message

Country

Collaboration diagram

46 / 71

Poitou:Region

France:Country

Bretagne:Region

LR:Region

Gard: State

Hérault:StateAude:State

Country

Region

1:Population()

1.2:Population()

1.3:Population()

1.1:Population()

1.3.1:Population() 1.3.2:Population()

1.3.3:Population()

47 / 71

Sequence diagram

48 / 71

Life line

‘create’

Creation by ‘create’ message

Activation of object thatexecutes an operation op

Destruction by another object

‘destroy’

49 / 71

France Poitou Bretagne LR

Popul()

Popul() Popul()

Popul()

50 / 71

Event and State

• State of an object

– values of its attributes and of its links

– over time an object can change state

• Event

– stimulus from an object towards another object

51 / 71

Initial

Simple

Complex

Creditor

State name

entry/op1exit/ op2

on evt1/ op3on evt2/ op4do/ activity

At the beginning

At the end

During the event

All the time

Internal activities

Notation of states

52 / 71

Notation of arcs

label• event(parameters)• [condition]• /action

53 / 71

State diagramsStates of a bank account

Open Close

CreateRequest()

DebtorWe withdraw/premiumsWe deposit/increase balance

Close()

CreditorWe withdraw/debit balanceWe deposit/increase balance

[Balance >=0]

[Balance < 0]

54 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

55 / 71

EIS specificities

Spatiality

Temporality

Which representations?...

56 / 71

Taking the geometry into account

Roadname: stringspeed: integer

Create()Display()ChangeSpeed(v)

x: realy: real

Highway

EIS specifities EIS specifities

57 / 71

Representations of space

Euclidean geometry

point (dim 0) line (dim 1) area (dim 2) volume (dim 3)

Segment Point

Has-as-extremities>

0..1 2..2

Is-on: boolean

58 / 71

Polyline Point

0..1 2..n

Is-on: boolean

closed

Segment

{order}

Euclidean geometry

59 / 71

Polygon Point

0..1 3..n

Belongs: bool.

Segment

{order}

Euclidean geometry

60 / 71

Polygon Point

0..11..1

Belongs: bool.

Segment

orientation

Euclidean geometry

61 / 71

Node Edge

2..2 1..n

Is-linked-to

delimits

Graphs

Node, Edge

62 / 71

Topology…

63 / 71

Topology…

64 / 71

Representation of time …

Instant Interval

1 0..n

operators

duration

65 / 71

And the dynamics …

Objects’ life line

Movement

displacement

growth

deformation

creation

stability

destruction

fission fusion

66 / 71

:Country

evolution

fission

‘create’

:Country

67 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

68 / 71

Conclusion

Approach having ‘proven’ itself

Example: Aggregative perceptions of the landscape

Landscape Parcel

Type of land use

Landscape unit

surface

Consists of

combining

[Forest, heath, cultivated area,…]

[Lardon & al., 2000]

69 / 71

Conclusion

OpenGIS standard

70 / 71

Perspectives

• Taking the ‘cognitive’ into account

ST pictograms

PVL (Perceptory)

0D 1D 2D …

71 / 71

Perspectives

Complex projects

• towards the GIS’s

(geodatabase)

• towards object-oriented DBMS extensions

thematic and spatial integration

Instrumentation: AGL

1Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF

Conceptual modelling for the Conceptual modelling for the management of environmental datamanagement of environmental data

Thérèse LIBOUREL ROUGElibourel@lirmm.fr

ProfessorMontpellier Laboratory of Computer Science, Robotics and Microelectronics

CNRS – University of Montpellier 2

METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 METIER Graduate Training Course no. 2 –– Montpellier Montpellier -- February 2007February 2007

Information Management in Environmental SciencesInformation Management in Environmental Sciences

2 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

3 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

4 / 71

Environmental information systems

Environment

Legislation, policy

Social

5 / 71

Physical organization of data

Data storage structures

Accelerating structures (index)

Dependent on the DBMSPhysical

Logical

Independent of the data model

Conceptual

The real

6 / 71

The approach and the modelling are essential

…. for future extensions…. for exchange

A model is a simplification/abstraction of the reality

Constructing models allows us to better understand the systems we are developing …

7 / 71

Why methods?

A necessity: reduce the gaps

The real The computer-based world

• Evolutionary

• Ambiguity

• Codified languages

• Unique semantics

8 / 71

The methods = structuring guides

• Decomposition of work

• Organization into stages

• Founding concepts

• Semi-formal representations

Ensure a reproducible approach to obtain reliable results

9 / 71

An analysis and design method proposes an approach that distinguishes the

development stages of a software’s life cyclebases itself on a representation formalism that

facilitates communication, organization and verification

The modelling languageproduces documents (models) that facilitate feedback

on the design and evolution of applications

To summarize …

10 / 71

The trend towards EIS

• Systemic methods vs. object methods

• E/R vs. OO data modelling

• From closed formalisms to extensible formalisms (ex. UML)

• From aspatial and atemporal formalisms to formalism with spatialand temporal extension

11 / 71

• CONGOO [Pantazis and Donnay, 1996]• Geo-ER [Hadzilacos and Tryfona, 1997]• Geo-OM [Tryfona et al., 1997]• GeoOOA with its modelling software [Kösters et al.,

1997]• MADS with its modelling software [Parent et al., 1997]• Modul-R with its modelling software and its automatic

code generator [Bédard and Paquette, 1989; Pageau and Bédard, 1992; Caron et al., 1993; Bédard et al., 1996] …

PERCEPTORY • OMEGA and AIGLE [El Bath, 1997] • POLLEN [Gayte et al., 1997]

12 / 71

People Project

Product

Process

Artefact, result

participants

automatization

Keywords

The 4 P’s

Object-oriented approach for projects

13 / 71

UML: a formal description language

Accepted by the OMG – 1997A unique common language:

A meta-model A less ambiguous language A simple graphical notation,

Comprehensible by non-computer-specialists Allows communication between actors

Has become THE reference for object modelling

14 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

15 / 71

The perception of models The graphical views (diagrams)

Class diagramsObject diagrams

Sequence diagramsCollaboration diagrams

State-transition diagramsActivity diagrams

Use case diagramsComponent diagramsDeployment diagrams

16 / 71

System functions fromthe user’s point of view.

Physicalcomponentsof an application.

Representationof behaviour interms of states.

Static structure of classes and relationships between these classes.

Schemas for installationof components on the hardware mechanisms.

Representation ofoperational behaviourin terms of actions.

Representation of objects,mutual links and potentialinteractions.

Objects and basic relationshipsbetween these objects.

17 / 71

Construction structure

Model orientation by use cases

Use cases

Logic Implementation

Processes Deployment

classes/dynamics components

use case + scenarios

scenarios on the componentsconcurrencedistributiontolerance to breakdowns

Components ‘projected’on the hardware

18 / 71

• Descriptive models from the users’ points of view

• Functional scenarios

The manner of using the system

The ‘USE CASEs’

19 / 71

Two concepts

Use case

Actor (Producer)

Actor (Decider)

<<communicate>>

<<communicate >>

Displayindicators

Managedata

20 / 71

Actor (role 1)

Actor (role 2)

‘use’‘extend’

Use cases can be linked by relationships– ‘use’ usage (decomposition)

– ‘extend’ refinements (exceptions processing)

21 / 71

Diagram of the ‘static context’

system

Actor (role 2)

Actor (role 1)

‘actor’ role

association

22 / 71

In UML, the structural or static model is described using two types of diagrams

Class diagramsdescription of all or part of a system in an abstract way, in terms of classes, structure and associations.

Object diagramsdescription of configuration examples of all or part of the system, in terms of objects, values and links.

23 / 71

Objects in the real world Computer-based objects

Hidden internalstate

Visiblebehaviour

The objects

24 / 71

Behaviour influences stateState reflects past behaviours

Object

State evolves over time

Behaviour actions and reactions

Identity essence

25 / 71

Sophie

System

: Professor

: Discipline

Two objects orinstances

26 / 71

Discipline

Describe ()Inscribe (e: Student)

Operations and methods

Methods

Implementations

name of the

attributes

operations

27 / 71

Attributes (properties)

Discipline

: Discipline

Label =ACOnbhCourse=12nbhPracticals=15

Instance

Attribute values (State)

‘is-instance-of ‘

28 / 71

Association/Link(analogy Class/Instance)

Discipline Teacher

label name

Is-taught

Association

: Discipline

label=ACO:Teacher

name = Louis

Is-taught

29 / 71

Association in general is binary (degree = 2) but...

Member copyborrow

ReadingMechanism

Association name

Binary association

Ternary association

30 / 71

Multiplicity and an association’s roles

Company Individual

Nameaddress

nameBirth dateSS no.address

employs

works-for

employer employee

worker

* 1..*

31 / 71

Enterprise Individual

nameaddress

namedate of birthaddress

quantity

Possesses-shares

capital shareholder

Association classAssociation class

PossessionLine of

portfolio

* 1..*

32 / 71

Other ‘abstractions’

• Specific associations (composition/aggregation)

• Specialization/generalization

33 / 71

Specific association All/part

Title bar B’ground Scroll barBorder

IndicatorTitle Close button Arrow

Window

CompositionStructural model Structural model

34 / 71

Aggregation

Semantic Collection/Item

Forest1

Region

Country

35 / 71

Composition/Aggregation

Constraints

- Exclusivity/Sharing

- Dependence/Independence

Propagation/Distribution

36 / 71

Mechanism for intellectual inference of characteristicsEither we refine (specialization)Or we abstract (generalization)

SemanticSet-theoretic point of viewLogical point of view

37 / 71

Individual

name address

Teacher

grade address

{disjoint}

Student

ID no. address

38 / 71

Pump Heat exchanger

Centrifugal pump

Submersiblepump

Pressure tank

Equipment

Type of equipment

Type of pump

Type of tank

Generalization/SpecializationStructural model Structural model

39 / 71

Terrestrial vehicle Aquatic vehicle

Car Amphibious vehicle Ship

Vehicle

Multiple generalization/Specialization

40 / 71

Composition/Aggregation or Generalization/Specialization?

• Aggregation � link between instances�an aggregation tree is composed of objects

that are part of a composite object

• Generalization � link between classes

41 / 71

The constraints

• The constraints are predicates, that can apply to several items of the static model, which have to be verified at all times.

• The constraints allow details to be taken into account at a very fine granularity in a class diagram. They can express conditions or restrictions.

• In UML, the constraints are expressed in textual form, between brackets and, preferably, in OCL (Object Constraint Language).

• Constraints are inherited.

42 / 71

The constraints

Individual Committee

presides *1

memberOf**

{subset}

{ordered} Constraint on

association extremity

Constraint between two associations

43 / 71

active: Real {value ≥ 0}passive: Real

The constraints

Constraint on class

Individual

subordinate

<commands

Company

{ active = passive }

{ Individual.employer =Individual.head.employer }

employer

* 1..* 0..10..1

Constraint on attribute

Constraints on 2 associations

44 / 71

• Collaboration diagrams

• Sequence diagrams

• State-transition diagrams

• Activity diagrams (not covered)

Describes interactions between objectsand changes that take place over time

45 / 71

Communication

Region

message

Country

Collaboration diagram

46 / 71

Poitou:Region

France:Country

Bretagne:Region

LR:Region

Gard: State

Hérault:StateAude:State

Country

Region

1:Population()

1.2:Population()

1.3:Population()

1.1:Population()

1.3.1:Population() 1.3.2:Population()

1.3.3:Population()

47 / 71

Sequence diagram

48 / 71

Life line

‘create’

Creation by ‘create’ message

Activation of object thatexecutes an operation op

Destruction by another object

‘destroy’

49 / 71

France Poitou Bretagne LR

Popul()

Popul() Popul()

Popul()

50 / 71

Event and State

• State of an object

– values of its attributes and of its links

– over time an object can change state

• Event

– stimulus from an object towards another object

51 / 71

Initial

Simple

Complex

Creditor

State name

entry/op1exit/ op2

on evt1/ op3on evt2/ op4do/ activity

At the beginning

At the end

During the event

All the time

Internal activities

Notation of states

52 / 71

Notation of arcs

label• event(parameters)• [condition]• /action

53 / 71

State diagramsStates of a bank account

Open Close

CreateRequest()

DebtorWe withdraw/premiumsWe deposit/increase balance

Close()

CreditorWe withdraw/debit balanceWe deposit/increase balance

[Balance >=0]

[Balance < 0]

54 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

55 / 71

EIS specificities

Spatiality

Temporality

Which representations?...

56 / 71

Taking the geometry into account

Roadname: stringspeed: integer

Create()Display()ChangeSpeed(v)

x: realy: real

Highway

57 / 71

Euclidean geometry

Segment Point

Has-as-extremities>

0..1 2..2

Is-on: boolean

58 / 71

Polyline Point

0..1 2..n

Is-on: boolean

closed

Segment

{order}

Euclidean geometry

59 / 71

Polygon Point

0..1 3..n

Belongs: bool.

Segment

{order}

Euclidean geometry

60 / 71

Polygon Point

0..11..1

Belongs: bool.

Segment

orientation

Euclidean geometry

61 / 71

Node Edge

2..2 1..n

Is-linked-to

delimits

Graphs

Node, Edge

62 / 71

Topology…

63 / 71

Topology…

64 / 71

Representation of time …

Instant Interval

1 0..n

operators

duration

65 / 71

And the dynamics …

Movement

displacement

growth

deformation

creation

stability

destruction

fission fusion

66 / 71

:Country

evolution

fission

‘create’

:Country

67 / 71

OverviewOverview

• Introduction

• Dynamic model

68 / 71

Conclusion

Approach having ‘proven’ itself

Example: Aggregative perceptions of the landscape

Landscape Parcel

Type of land use

Landscape unit

surface

Consists of

combining

[Forest, heath, cultivated area,…]

[Lardon & al., 2000]

69 / 71

Conclusion

OpenGIS standard

70 / 71

Perspectives

• Taking the ‘cognitive’ into account

ST pictograms

PVL (Perceptory)

0D 1D 2D …

71 / 71

Perspectives

Complex projects

• towards the GIS’s

(geodatabase)

• towards object-oriented DBMS extensions

thematic and spatial integration

Instrumentation: AGL

Conceptual modelling for the management of environmental · PDF file1 Territories,...

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Transcript of Conceptual modelling for the management of environmental · PDF file1 Territories,...

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