Computer history and types

History

• From abacus (400BC) • Napiers bone and alogrithems (1617)• Oughtreds and schikards slide rule(1621,1623)• Blaise Pascal Pascaline (1645)• Gottfired Wilhelm Von Leibnitzs stepped

reconer (1674)

• Joseph Mary Jacobs and his punch card looms• (1804)• Preparing the cards with the pattern for the

cloth to be woven• Charles Babbage(1791-1872) father of modern

computing

• Charles Babbage Difference engine • Charles Basbbage analytical Engine • Lady augusta Ada analytical Engine • Electro mechanical computers

( from herman holleriths 1890 census counting machine

to

• Howard aiken and the harvard mark I computer (1944)

• also known as IBM automatic Sequence controlled calculator

• John vincent atanasoff s’ berry computer (1939) first electronic digital computers

• Alan Turing (Turing Machine 1936)

• The ENIAC by – John Presper Eckert and john mauchley in 1946– Electronic Numeric integrated and calculator1951 UNIVAC UNIVAC is the name of a line of electronic digital

stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

• Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations.

• The descendants of the UNIVAC line continue today as products of the Unisys company. UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer.

UNIVAC

Classification of Computer

• First generation Machines – Also known as vaccum tube machines

• Second Generation Computers – Use transistors

• Third generation computers – Integrated circuits

• Analog Computers– Analog computers are used to process continuous

data. Analog computers represent variables by physical quantities.

• Thus any computer which solve problem by translating physical conditions such as flow, temperature, pressure, angular position or voltage into related mechanical or electrical related circuits as an analog for the physical phenomenon being investigated in general it is a computer which uses an analog quantity and produces analog values as output.

• Analog computers are very much speedy. They produce their results very fast. But their results are approximately correct. All the analog computers are special purpose computers.

• Digital Computers• Digital computer represents physical quantities

with the help of digits or numbers.• These numbers are used to perform Arithmetic

calculations and also make logical decision to reach a conclusion, depending on, the data they receive from the user.

• Hybrid Computers• Various specifically designed computers are

with both digital and analog characteristics combining the advantages of analog and digital computers when working as a system

• Hybrid computers are being used extensively in process control system where it is necessary to have a close representation with the physical world.

• The hybrid system provides the good precision that can be attained with analog computers and the greater control that is possible with digital computers, plus the ability to accept the input data in either form

Classification of Computers According to Size

• Super Computers Large scientific and research laboratories as well as the government organizations have extra ordinary demand for processing data which required tremendous processing speed, memory and other services which may not be provided with any other category to meet their needs.(thousands of processors)

• Therefore very large computers used are called Super Computers. These computers are extremely expensive and the speed is measured in billions of instructions per seconds.

Main Frame Computers

• The most expensive, largest and the most quickest or speedy computer are called mainframe computers.

• These computers are used in large companies, factories, organizations etc.

• the mainframe computers are the most expensive computers, they cost more than 20 million rupees.

• In this computers 150 users are able to work on one C.P.U. The mainframes are able to process 1 to 8 bits at a time.

• They have several hundreds of megabytes of primary storage and operate at a speed measured in nano second.

Mini Computers

• Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in size and other facilities such as speed, storage capacity and other services.

• They are versatile that they can be fitted where ever they are needed.

• Their speeds are rated between one and fifty million instructions per second (MIPS).

• They have primary storage in hundred to three hundred megabytes range with direct access storage device.

Micro Computers

• These are the smallest range of computers. They were introduced in the early 70’s having less storing space and processing speed.

• Micro computers of todays are equivalent to the mini computers of yesterday in terms of performing and processing.

• They are also called “computer of a chip” because its entire circuitry is contained in one tiny chip.

• The micro computers have a wide range of applications including uses as portable computer that can be plugged into any wall

Laptop Computers

• The smallest computer in size has been developed. This type of small computers look like an office brief case and called "LAPTOP" computer.

• The laptops are also termed as "PORTABLE COMPUTERS." Due to the small size and light weight,

• they become popular among the computer users.

• The businessmen found laptop very useful, during traveling and when they are far away from their desktop computers.

• A typical laptop computer has all the facilities available in microcomputer. The smallest laptops are called "PALMTOP".

Notebooks

• Today technology allows devices to be slimmer, smaller and better for mobile computing by design, so the size of portable computers (both in thickness and weight) is decreasing.

• For this reason, options that once defined the difference between a laptop and notebook computer are separated by a small, almost invisible fine line today.

• Technically and traditionally, the difference between the two Laptop and Notebook is a matter of size.

• A notebook is an extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than six pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase.

Netbook

• Netbooks are a category of small, lightweight, and inexpensive laptop computers

• At their inception in late 2007 as smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost — netbooks omitted certain features (e.g., the optical drive), featured smaller screens and keyboards, and offered reduced computing power when compared to a full-sized laptop

Tablet

• By 2011, the increasing popularity of tablet computers (particularly the iPad)—a different form factor, but with similar compute capabilities and price range—had led to a decline in netbook sales

• At the high end of the performance spectrum, ultra-light portables with a traditional keyboard and display have been revolutionized by the 11.6″ MacBook Air,

• which despite its significantly higher cost, made fewer performance sacrifices

• Capitalizing on the success of the MacBook Air,Intel promoted ultrabooks as a new high-mobility standard, which has been hailed by some analysts as succeeding where netbooks failed

Tablet

Tablet is a mobile computer, larger than a mobile phone or personal digital assistant, integrated into a flat touch screen and primarily operated by touching the screen rather than using a physical keyboard. It often uses an onscreen virtual keyboard, a passive stylus pen, or a digital pen.

Functions of Tablet

• Typical functions of tablet computers in 2012 are:• Wireless mobile browser functions (using

2G,3G,4G or WiFi)• E-mail and social media devices (typically with

integration apps to bring all feeds into the same view)

• Potential cell phone functions (Messaging, video calling, speakerphone or headset cellphone uses)

• GPS satellite navigation

• Stills and video camera functions, photo and video viewing and editing

• E-book reading (including electronic versions of periodicals)

• Downloadable apps (games, education, utilities)• Portable media player function• Weigh around one or two pounds (0.5 - 1 kilogram)• Battery life of three to twelve hours depending on

usage pattern.

Nokia N800

• Blackberry in 2010 • Android by google

Computer Parts

• Tangible

• Intangible

• Tangible parts • Hard wares are usually

tangible parts of computer. These also included the peripherals of computer as well.

• Hard ware included • processor and memory

chips, input/output devices, tapes, disks, modems, cable, etc.

Mother board

• The main board in a computer system.• The motherboard serves to connect all

of the parts of a computer together. • The motherboard can be thought of as

the "back bone" of the computer

• The CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card and other ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables.

Facts about mother board

• Motherboards, cases and power supplies all come in different sizes called form factors. All three must be compatible to work properly together.

• Motherboards vary greatly in respect to the types of components they support. For example, each motherboard supports a single type of CPU and a short list of memory types.

• Additionally, some video cards, hard drives and other peripherals may not be compatible. The motherboard manufacturer should provide clear guidance on component compatibilities.

Manufacturers

• ASUS, AOpen, Intel, ABIT, MSI, Gigabyte, Biostar

• The front of the motherboard contains ports that all of the internal components connect to. A single socket/slot houses the CPU. Multiple slots allow for one or more memory modules to be attached. Other ports reside on the motherboard which allow the floppy drive, hard drive and optical drive to connect via ribbon cables.

• Small wires from the front of the computer case connect to the motherboard to allow the power, reset and LED lights to function. Power from the power supply is delivered to the motherboard by use of a specially designed port.

• Also on the front of the motherboard are a number of peripheral card slots. These slots are where most video cards, sound cards and other expansion cards are connected to the motherboard.

• On the left side of the motherboard (the side that faces the back end of the case) are a number of ports. These ports allow most of the computer's external peripherals to connect such as the monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse, speakers, phone line, network cable and more

• Most motherboards also include USB and FireWire ports here that allow compatible devices to connect to your computer when you need them - devices like digital still and video cameras.

• The motherboard and case are designed so that when peripheral cards are used, the sides of the cards fit just outside the back end, making their ports available for use.

CPU

• A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor unit,is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system

• The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.

• On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single silicon chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970s the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations. Modern CPUs are large scale integrated circuits in packages typically less than four centimeters square, with hundreds of connecting pins.

• The CPU is where most calculations take place

• The brain of the computer taking care of al components of computer

• CU: controls and manages the activities of processor

• ALU performs arithmetic and logical functions• (+.-,>=,<= etc.)• FPU: floating point unit that performs division

and large decimal functions

Input

process

Out Put

• CPU interacts closely with memory (Primary storage)

• Memory however is not the part of CPU

• The ALU can perfrom four types of mathematical operations – Addition – Subtraction– Multiplication– Division

• The logical unit of ALU can perform logical functions like – Equal to– Less than– Greater than

Registers

• Registers are the part of computer system as they act as temporary storage devices for data or instructions

• Data held temporarily in registers can be accessed at greater speed than data stored in memory.

Memory

• Memory is the part of the computer that stores data and programmed instructions for processing.

• It is also referred as RAM• RAM is temporary , Fnite and Expensive

memory as compare to secondary storage devices

• Before the CPU can execute a program , Program instructions and data must be kept

• Into memory from an input device or storage device.

• Once the necessary data is in memory , the CPU performs the following steps for each instruction – Fetching – Decoding– Executing– Storing

• The Control unit fetches the instructions or data from memory

• The control unit decode the instructions and decides that necessary data will be moved to ALU.

• Registers are availble for data movement

• ALU then perform the functions Execution • The ALU after execution stores the

information in memory or register • Eventually the CU sends information to output

devices or secondary storage.

• The time it takes to fetch a data nd decode is called instruction time.

• The time it takes to execute and store is called execution time.

• Each location in memory has an address letting the CU finds the data easliy by its location.

• The choice of the location in memory is arbitrary.

• Addresses can hold one number or one word.

Input/output (I/O)

• I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals.

• On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

• I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with a computer.

• For instance, a keyboard or a mouse may be an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices for a computer.

• Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output.

Computer Mouse

a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons.

Most popular pointing device used with almost all desktop computers.

• The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface

Optical and laser mice

• Optical mice make use of one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, rather than internal moving parts as does a mechanical mouse.

• A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light.

Tactile mice

• In 2000, Logitech introduced the "tactile mouse", which contained a small actuator that made the mouse vibrate.

• Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with haptic feedback, such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf by touch requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice[31] but never marketed.

• To surf by touch requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice but never marketed.

Ergonomic mouse

• As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis and other repetitive strain injuries. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.

Keyboard

• In keyboard entry, a user types characters, numerics and special symbols using a keyboard. The input usually appears on a monitor. A keyboard entry might be the most common way to input data.

• A keyboard is a device used to encode data by key depression, which enters information into a system. The keyboard converts alphabets and numbers, and other special symbols into electrical signals that processor can understand and process. These signals are sent to the computer's CPU. There are three different layouts.

• QWERTY: This is a standard keyboard layout. QWERTY indicates the arrangement of the upper left corner six letters in the first row of the alphabetic keys.

• AZERTY: This is a keyboard layout that is similar to the QWERTY layout and some European countries use this keyboard. This layout is slightly modified from the QWERTY keyboard.

• Dvorak: This is another keyboard layout modified greatly from a standard layout. The keyboard is devised to increase typing speed by placing frequently used keys more naturally. In the past, mechanical jams were a problem in typing. Thus, the standard keyboard layout was designed to limit typing speed.

Terminals

• A terminal is an input/output device that usually includes a keyboard for input, a video display for output, and a communications link to send and receive information. There are three different types:

• Dumb Terminal: This is an input/output terminal that does not have a capability of processing. It only enters and receives data without processing.

• Smart Terminal: This terminal has some processing capability. It has a small memory. It performs some editing of data before sending them to a main computer.

• Intelligent Terminal: This is a terminal that has a full processing capability. The terminal has a processing unit, primary storage. It may or may not have local storage. Recently, most intelligent terminals have local disk. An intelligent terminal is actually a microcomputer with communications capability

Direct Input Devices

• Direct input is a data entry form that does not use a keyboard to input data. Today, more data and instructions are entered a CPU of microcomputers directly using direct input devices used to provide a more natural user interface. These entry devices reduce users' typing errors

• While direct input is an advanced fourth generation data entry form, voice input (speech input) is the mode of next generation input technology. There are many forms of direct input devices:

• Mouse

• Touch screen

• Light Pen

• Graphics Tablet

• Scanner

• Bar-code readers

• Magnetic Entry

• Voice-Input Devices

Mouse

• An object used as a pointing and drawing device. The mouse usually has a ball and buttons and is connected to the system unit through serial port.

• As a mouse is rolled across the flat desktop in any direction, it locates the pointer correspondingly on the screen.

• Then it issues commands using the selection buttons on the mouse. Many portable microcomputers such as lap-tops use track balls or touch pads instead of mice

Touch Screen

• A touch screen is a monitor screen that allows users to interact with a computer system by touching an area of the display screen. The screen is covered with a clear plastic layer that has a matrix of cells..

• A user touches a graphic button that displays option on the screen. Touch screens are easy to use. Thus, many kiosks use touch screens as input forms

Light Pen

• A light pen is a light-sensitive pen-like device used by pointing it at the display surface. A user brings the light pen to the desired point on the screen and presses a button, causing it to identify the current location.

• It is used to select options from a menu or to draw images.

Digitizer Tablet

• A digitizer tablet is also called a graphics tablet or just a digitizer. The digitizer is a drawing tablet used to sketch new images or trace old drawing or photograph.

• The user uses a pen-like device called a cursor to draw images. Designers and architects usually use digitizers. Light pen and digitizer technologies are used for pen-based computing.

Scanner

• A scanner is a device that reads spatial pattern such as images, graphics and texts, and then generates digital signals of that pattern. Converted digital data may be processed by a computer, stored in a disk, printed by a printer or displayed on a monitor.

• Scanners are commonly used to capture graphic images that can then be placed in a page or on any document.

• Scanners usually include optical character recognition (OCR) software so that scanners can read and capture texts directly through optical scanning.

Bar Code Readers

• A bar code is a specialized code represented by sets of parallel bars of varying thickness and separation. This is used for fast identification of items with an optimal scanner.

• The optical scanner is called a bar code reader. The bar code reader is a photoelectric scanner that read the bar code.

Magnetic Data Entry

• There are two technologies in magnetic data entry. A magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technology reads iron oxide ink preprinted or encoded on checks, deposit slips or on documents.

• An MICR reader electronically captures data, by first magnetizing the magnetic ink characters and then sensing the signal.

Voice Input Devices

• Voice input devices are also called speech- recognition devices or voice-recognition systems. This device uses a voice recognition technology that converts a user's speech into a digital code.

• Spoken words are first digitized and then matched against a dictionary of patterns previously stored in the computer

• Speaker-dependent systems should be trained by taking actual user's word sample before using, but speaker-independent systems can recognize only limited vocabularies. The advantage of the voice input systems is that they enable users to keep their hands free for other tasks.

Soft wares

• Software is the computer program( sequemce of instructions) that tell the computer what to do in response to a command or some event.

• Software is set of instructions.

Classification of softwares

• Software os a general term that is used for all programs that run on computer

• There are several categories of softwares – System software– Application software– General purpose software(generic)– Special purpose software( specific)– Bespoke software

System software

• System software perform tasks that are needed to run on the system these include

• Operating system• Library programs• Utility programs: designed to make life easier

for computer users.• Programming language compilers, interpreters

and assemblers

Operating system

• Operating system is the software that let the user interacts with the hardware.

• You press save this is OS that knows what to do.

Library Programs

• These programs are available on all systems that are multi users systems. For example

• Routine that helps in finding a lost file, restores them and stored in a library.

Utility Programs

• Performs functions like • Search for files • Sort files • Copy to disk• Compress to ZIP file

Compilers, interpreters and assemblers

• These are the progarms (soft wares) that translate human language to machine language.0 and 1

Application softwares

• Programs that let the user carry out some task are the application softwares

• These includes • Generic softwares and • Specific softwares

• General Purpose/generic softwares – Word processor, excel, Ms-office, sunstar etc– Special Purpose Softwares– Softwares that designed to help perform a one

special task – For example …. Filling up tax returns form, Payroll

etc.

Bespoke Software

• Software that is written for some special purpose.. On the demand of the customer or as need of the customer.

• Also known as tailor made software.• These are developed by house of software

development group.

• Large companies commonly use custom software for critical functions, including content management, inventor management, customer management, human resource management, or otherwise to fill needs that existing software packages cannot.

Software suite

• A software suite or application suite is a collection of computer programs, usually application software and programming software of related functionality, often sharing a more-or-less common user interface and some ability to smoothly exchange data with each other.

Software package

• A piece of application software or utility software.

• A package or module, a software component for accomplishing a particular thing

Out put devices

• Any piece of computer hardware equipment that is used to communicate the information(processed data) to the user/with the user.

• The output devices are – Monitor– Speaker– Headphone– Printer– Plotter– Projector

Monitor

• It is screen display device like a tv.• It can display text as well as graphics or

numerical information both in black n white and colored mode.

• Display of information depends upon the type of monitor.

• Monitor can be classified on the basis of its size, color and signals.

• Mono chrome • Grey scale – Mono chrome monitor displays in two colors one

is front and the other is as background. The colors can be balck n white, black and green etc.

• Grey Scale Monitor:It is special type of monochrome monitor and can display different shades of grey

• Multi color : it is monitor that can display information in any color

Based on signals

• Digital Monitor – It accepts digital signals rather than analog.– These are known for fast speed and clear images – For example. Flat panel monitors

• Analog Monitor:– Most traditional and old tyoe monitors – Uses CRT( cathode ray tube technology)– These monitors consume much space

Sound cards and speaker

• Sound cards enable computer to output sound through speakers.

• Speakers are required to listen to music and sounds

• Some systems have built in speakers.

HeadPhones

• These are output devices that gives sound out of the system

• They are similar to speakers except they are worn on ears so only one person can hear sound at a time.

Printer

• A printer is a device that prints text, numeric and graphical information in hard form

• There are many types of printers as – Daisy Wheel - LED– Dot Matrix - Thermal– Ink Jet– Laser

Daisy wheel

• It works like a ball head type writer• They are printers of letter quality type • Noisy and slow • Can not print graphical images

Dot Matrix

• First printers used with computers • Create images by striking pins with ink ribbon• By activating these pins in different

combinations printer produces images.• inexpensive and relatively fast

• Speedy as compare to earlier printers • Speed is measured in CPS(character per

second)• Speed ,may vary from 50 – 500 CPS• Loud noise and low ;print quality

Ink Jet Printers

• Spray jet of ink on the paper surface and crate images.

• The speed is measured as PPM(pages per minute)

• High quality print outs • Colored prints are also possible

Disadvantages

• PPm cost is very high • Can not be used to take multiple carbon

copies•

Laser Printers

• Laser beam is used to produce image• Also known as page printers • These are expensive • Speed is measured in PPM• High quality print and in unlimited number of

fonts

How it works?

• Laser light produces the image on the paper• Laser light alters the electrical charge

whenever it hits the drum• The drum rolled through toner and picked up

by the charged portions of the toner • Finally the toner transferred to the paper

through heat and pressure

LED printer

• Similar to Laser printer• Uses liquid crystals or light emitting diodes

Thermal printers

• Produces images by pushing heated pins against special heat sensitive paper

• Inexpensive and are used in fax machines • Low quality print

Plotters

• Plotters are similar to printers • Used to draw pictures on paper• They draw lines using pen • Can produce continuous lines • Used in engineering applications • More expensive than printers • Special purpose

Projector

• Device that enable an image to be projected on flat screen

• Commonly used in meetings, seminars , workshops and classrooms for presentation purposes

Storage devices

DOS

• Oldest operating system • Provided foundation for the development of

windows operating system• The command line is used to enter commands

and to open programs• No multitasking no multi processing

• Date: displays the date• Dir: displays the list of files, directories and

sub directories• Del: delete files• Copy: copy files• Ver: displays the version of OS running on the

computer.

Memory and Storage Devices

• The function of storage in a computer comes in many different sizes, types and shapes. However there are two basic categories: short-term and long-term.

• A typical computer contains numerous types of memory including RAM, ROM, virtual, cache, and various long-term storage devices. Each type of computer memory serves a specific function and purpose.

• Computer memory is measured in bytes. A single byte is made up of a series of 1's and 0's normally traveling in pairs of eight. These eight 0's and 1's are the way the computer communicates and stores information. With each keystroke or character a byte of memory is used.

Measuring Memory

Term/Byte Abbreviation ValueBit none 0 or 1

Byte B 8 bits -example: 00100101

Kilo K, KB 1,024 bytes

Mega M, MB, Meg 1,048,576 bytes (Million)

Giga G, GB, Giga 1,073,741,824 bytes (Billion)

Tera T, TB, Tera 1,099,511,628,000 bytes (Trillion)

• Here is another way of looking at the measurement of memory:

• Measuring Bytes• 8 bits= 1 byte• 1000 bytes= 1 kilobyte• 1000 kilobytes= 1 megabyte• 1000 megabytes= 1 gigabyte• 1000 gigabytes= 1 terabyte

ROM

• ROM, or read-only memory is permanent, long-term, nonvolatile memory. Nonvolatile means is doesn't disappear when the computer is shut off. It also can not be erased or changed in anyway.

• However there are types of ROM called PROM that can be altered. The P stands for programmable. ROM's purpose is to store the basic input/output system (BIOS) that controls the start-up, or boot process.

RAM

• RAM, or random-access memory unlike ROM works only when the computer is turned on. This memory is vital to the computer because it controls the moment by moment processes of the computer.

• The first thing that goes into RAM is the OS (operating system) which is most cases is Windows XP,7. Next for the RAM might be a game, or the Internet browser, or some type of software that you want to use.

• Early personal computer only needed about 64K of RAM. Today that number is drastically higher. With photos, sounds, and even movies going into RAM, the amount need is now in the millions. The computer I am currently using has 80 MB or 80,000K of RAM.

• Multitasking has put more demand on RAM in the past few years. Multitasking is the ability to run more than one program at the same time. For instance, many people like to run Netscape Communicator along with their word processing software. This means you need lots of RAM to hold both programs.

• Other types of temporary memory are cache (pronounced "cash") and virtual memory. Both of these types of memory supplement the computer's primary RAM and perform the same function as RAM.

Storage Devices

• RAM and ROM may be very important parts of the computer; however, without storage devices like hard drives and disk drives your computer would not be near as useful.

• Here are the most common forms of Storage Devices found on your home computer:

Thumb Drive or Memory Stick

• A device that in 1998 IBM introduced and has caught on very quickly as a great portable storage device. It quickly replaced the floppy disk. This small device is extremely reliable and fits in the USB port on your computer. It come in sizes ranging from 1 GB to 64 GB in size.

Hard disk (drive) or HD

• A stack of round metal platters called disks encased in a metal air tight shell. They commonly range in sizes from 60 to 500 gigabytes (1000MB=1GB). The hard drive's function is to store all the files, and software the computer will ever use. Any file or software program used by RAM most likely will come from the disk drive.

CD-ROM (Compact disk, read-only memory)

• CD's function much like hard drive in that they store large amounts of memory. What separates them is their mobility and optical storage technology. Their storage capacity is also very limited compared to hard drives. The can only hold up to approximately 650 MB of information.

• The other big difference is that you have to have a special drive to write to CD's. Otherwise they can only be read from.

DVD-ROM (digital video disk, read-only memory)

• DVD's are similar to CD in that they are written and read by laser. Hard drives use magnetic currents store data. However CD's and DVD's use light (laser) to write and read data on a disk. These long and short pits are then stored or etched on the surface of the disk.

• They can only be read by laser technology. The new DVD technology increased the amount of memory a regular CD can hold. DVD's can range in sizes from 4.34GB (1000MB=1GB) to 7.95GB.

Home task:

• Write a 10 question quiz for a classmate. Requirement: Four of your questions must be multiple choice, 4 more should be true/false. One of your questions should be short answer and the last question should be essay.

Windows

• Microsoft Windows is the operating system found on most personal computers. As an operating system Windows manages all that the computer does.

• Through Window's main screen called the "Desktop" you can get to everything your computer can do. The following tutorials will introduce you to Windows and how to use it.

Windows Topics

• Icons • The "Start" button • Menus • Finding a program • The taskbar • Adjusting windows • Using "My computer

Icons

• On the desktop screen you will see several small pictures. These pictures are called "Icons." The "My Computer" picture below is an example of an icon. Double clicking the left mouse button on an Icons will start the programs it represents. Another way to start programs is by using the “Start” button.

The "Start" button

• The "Start" button is probably the most used part of the Windows Desktop. The start button is where you access all the programs on the computer. When you click on the "Start" button you will be shown a menu of the major computer headings. These headings provide access to the major programs on your computer

• Quick Tip: If the desktop does not show the gray bar with the "Start" button on it, simply move your mouse (cursor) to the bottom edge of the screen and the task bar will appear.

Menus

• When you click on the "Start" button a menu with options will appear. Moving the mouse over the items in the menu causes them to highlight. Clicking on a highlighted item will open that program.

Finding a program

• Moving the mouse over a menu item marked with an arrow as shown below will open another list with more options.

• To see all the programs available for you to use on your computer click on the Start button and in the menu that appears, highlight the item named “Programs.”

• A new list will appear that holds more selections. Explore these lists to see all the programs available to you. When you have found the program that you want to use click on its icon.

The taskbar

• Windows has the ability to run several programs at once and to easily switch back and forth between running programs. All programs currently running are shown on the windows "taskbar."

• The taskbar is a gray bar with pictures on in it that runs across the very bottom of the screen. The taskbar can be recognized by the "Start" button located on its left hand side and the clock on its right. .

• To switch between programs that are running at the same time, click on the program buttons shown on the taskbar. This is demonstrated below

Adjusting a window's size

• Most Windows programs share the same look and feel which makes switching between and learning new programs easier.

• Common to all Windows programs is the ability to adjust the shape and size of the window you are working in. Some of the ways you can change a window includes; moving, closing, maximizing, minimizing and restoring it.

• The following diagram and chart explains how to adjust a window.

Using my computer

• The "My Computer" program is a tool that lets you see everything that is stored on your computer. It is useful for finding, organizing and storing files on your computer. Files represent stored information that you have named. Think of "My Computer" as a filing cabinet for your computer.

Drives:

• Drives are like filing cabinets for computer files. To see what is stored on a drive double click on its icon and a list of files and folders will appear. These files and folders will be arranged alphabetically. To open any of these files double click on them.

•

• The A: drive icon opens files saved on a floppy disk. You may only open this drive when you have put a floppy disk into the drive slot of the computer.

• The C: drive icon on most home computers represents the hard drive. This is the drive where all the programs that your computer runs are stored. You can also store files that you have created on this drive. If you do not think that the C: drive is your hard drive, look for a drive that has the same picture for an icon.

• The D: drive icon represents the CD-ROM drive. Double clicking on this icon will show you all the files stored on a CD-ROM.

• Folders help you organize your files by dividing up a drive into alphabetically organized sections. Double clicking on a folder will open it. Each folder can also hold other folders and files.

• Files are information stored by a program. For example a file created in "WordPerfect" will be saved with the ending ".wpd." Double clicking on a file will open it.

Ms-Office

• Microsoft Office is an office suite of desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windowsand Mac OS X operating systems, introduced by Microsoft on August 1, 1989

• Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications scripting language.

• Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand. Office is reported to now be used by over a billion people worldwide

• The current versions are Office 2010 for Windows, released on June 15, 2010 and Office 2011 for Mac OS X, released October 26, 2010.The new Office 2013 (version 15 of the Office suite) is rumored to release December 2012

Desktop applications

• Ms-Word Ms-Project• Ms-Excel Ms-inforpath• Ms-PowerPoint Ms-Sharepointworkplace • Ms-Outlook/Entourge Ms-Visio• Ms-Access Ms-Office Photo Manager• Ms-OneNote• Ms-Publisher

Server applications

• Microsoft SharePoint — collaboration server – Excel Services– InfoPath Forms Services

• Microsoft Lync Server (formerly Office Communications Server and Live Communications Server) — real time communications server

• Microsoft Office Forms Server — lets users use any browser to access and fill InfoPath forms. Office Forms Server is a standalone server installation of InfoPath Forms Services.

• Microsoft Office Groove Server — centrally managing all deployments of Microsoft Office Groove in the enterprise

• Microsoft Office Project Server — project management server

• Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server — allows creation of a project portfolio, including workflows, hosted centrally

• Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server — allows customers to monitor, analyze, and plan their business

Web services

• Office Web Apps — Web-based companions to Microsoft Office applications to view, create, and edit documents.

• Office Live – Office Live Small Business — Web hosting services

and online collaboration tools for small businesses.– Office Live Workspace — Online storage and

collaboration service for documents, superseded by Office Web Apps and SkyDrive

• Live Meeting — Web conferencing service.• Microsoft Office product web site — Provides

support for all Microsoft Office products.• Microsoft Update — Web site. Patch detection

and installation service for Microsoft Office.• Microsoft Office 365 — Subscription based

software services that can include a subscription to desktop applications in addition to cloud-based services.

Ms-Word

• Microsoft Word 2007 represents considerable change over Word 97-2003. The biggest change is in the interface, which looks much different. Microsoft opted for a more visual presentation of Word's features. The interface is flashy, even somewhat distracting, but effective even so

• Office Button• You might not immediately recognize that the

Windows icon at the top left of the Ribbon is a button, and not just decoration. This is the Office Button. Click it to reveal basic familiar functions

• New, start a new document. • Open, open an existing document. • Save, save an already saved document. • Save As, create or change save properties of a

document.• Note: Word 2007 saves to a new format: .docx.

Word 2007 can still work with the old .doc format of Word 97-2003, but older versions of Word cannot read .docx. Remember this when sharing documents.

• Word 2007 is still new and many people and businesses have yet to switch to it. Word 2007 currently gives you 19 save options, so you can choose the appropriate format.

• Print, print options. • Prepare, view properties, encrypt, inspect a

document. • Send, send document as email, fax, or pdf. • Publish, publish document to blog, document

management server, or document workspace. • Close, saves document and closes program.

• Each function has an intuitive drop down menu of related features. Next to the Office Button is the Quick Access Toolbar. The buttons on this toolbar pair with the Start button to give you your most commonly used functions.

Quick Access Tool Bar

• The Quick Access Tool Bar is a customizable array of icons representing more of the functions that you will use frequently.

• Undo, undoes your last action. • Undo Typing, lists recent changes. Click the

drop down arrow then select the point to return to.

• Repeat Clear, erases your last actions incrementally.

• Open, opens the Open Document dialogue box, so that you can choose a file to open.

• Save, saves file under current save definitions. • Draw Table, opens the draw table dialogue.

• These are the default buttons for this tool bar. The drop down arrow on the right lists more options that can be added to the toolbar:

• New, opens a blank document. • Email, sends document by email. • Quick Print, opens the print dialogue box.

• Spelling and Grammar, opens the spelling and grammar checker, which is also located under the Review tab.

• More Commands, offers more commands that you might find useful to have easily accessible. Essentially, you can select any Word 2007 command.

• Show Below Ribbon, moves the Quick Access Toolbar below the ribbon. If the toolbar is already below the ribbon, it can be moved above.

• Minimize the Ribbon, removes the ribbon from view. Check to remove, uncheck to return the ribbon to view.

The Tabs

• Once the Start Button and Quick Access Toolbar have become familiar, the tabs make more sense. There are seven tabs. Take them separately:

• Home, the functions that you use most frequently can be found on this tab.

• Insert, pictures, tables, headers and footers, and more, can be added by selecting the features of this tab.

• Page Layout, issues of font, margin, line spacing, and more are addressed with this tab. <LIReferences, footnotes, table of contents, indexes, and citations can all be created in this tab.

• Mailings, various mail merge functions can be accomplished with this tab.

• Review, spell check, commenting, track changes, and more can be accomplished with this tab.

• View, gridlines or rulers can be added, zoom, view as outline, web layout, or print layout, and more.

• Acrobat, create a pdf of your document.

Home

• The Home tab gives you access to the most frequently used formatting commands. The tab is divided into five rationally-organized sections.

• Clipboard, cut and paste options are available here.

• Font, change the font and its style and effect. • Paragraph, alignment, line spacing, and list

options are accomplished on this tab.

• Styles, select consistent formatting styles, which you can modify.

• Editing , find, replace, and select options.

Clip board