Post on 23-Feb-2018
OM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
JUGLAN, HISAR-125001
LAB MANUAL
Computer Graphics & Multimedia
CSP-641
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
S.NO PROGRAM’S TITLE1. Study of basic graphics functions defined in “graphics.h”.
2. WAP to use the inbuilt function of computer graphics.
3. WAP to draw a line using DDA function.
4. WAP to draw a line using Symmetric DDA function.
5. WAP to draw a line using Bresenham’s Algorithm (when slop<=1).
6. WAP to draw a line using Bresenham’s Algorithm (when slop>=1).
7. WAP to draw a circle using Polynomial function.
8. WAP to draw a circle using Bresenham’s function.
9. WAP to draw a circle using Trigonometric function.
10. WAP to draw an ellipse using Polynomial function.
11. WAP to draw an ellipse using Trigonometric function.
12. WAP to fill the triangle using Boundary Fill 4 connected Algorithm.
13. WAP to fill the circle using Flood Fill 4 connected Algorithm.
14. WAP to implement translation of a triangle.
15. WAP to implement translation in a circle.
16. WAP to implement rotation of line about origin.
17. WAP to perform line clipping.
18. WAP to implement reflection of a triangle.
19. WAP to perform shearing on a triangle.
Program:1
Study of basic graphics functions defined in “graphics.h”.
1) INITGRAPH• Initializes the graphics system.
Declaration• void initgraph (int * graphdriver, int * graphmode, char pathofdriver);
Remarks• To start the graphic system you must first call initgraph.• initgraph initializes the graphic system by loading a graphics driver from
disk(or validating a registered driver) and then putting the system intographics mode.
• initgraph also resets all graphic settings such as color palette, current position,view port, etc. to their defaults and then resets the graph.
Return Value• None.
2) GETPIXEL, PUTPIXEL• getpixel gets the color of a specific pixel.• putpixel places a pixel at a specified point.
Declaration• unsigned getpixel (int x, int y);• void putpixel (int x, int y, color);
Remarks• getpixel gets the color of the pixel located at (x,y).• putpixel plots a point in the color defined at (x,y).
Return Value• getpixel returns the color of the given pixel.• putpixel doesn’t return any value.
3) CLOSEGRAPH• Shuts down the graphics system.
Declaration• void closegraph (void);
Remarks• closegraph deallocates all memory allocated by the graphics system.
• It then restores the screen to the mode it was in before you called initgraph.
Return Value• None.
4) ARC, CIRCLE, PIESLICE• Arc draws a circular arc.• Circle draws a circle.• Pieslice draws a circular pieslice and fills it.
Declaration• void arc (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);• void circle (int x, int y, int radius);• void pieslice (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
Remarks• Arc draws a circular arc in the current drawing color.• Circle draws a circle in the current drawing color.• Pieslice draws a pieslice in the current drawing color and then fills it using the
current fill pattern and fill color.
Return Value• None.
5) ELLIPSE, FILLELLIPSE, SECTOR• Ellipse draws an elliptical arc.• Fillellipse draws and fills the ellipse.• Sector draws and fills an elliptical pieslice.
Declaration• void ellipse (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius, int yradius);• void fillellipse (int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);• void sector (int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius, int yradius);
Remarks• Ellipse draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing color.• Fillellipse draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing color and then fills it
with fill color and fill pattern.• Sector draws an elliptical pieslice in the current drawing color and then fills it
using the pattern and color defined by ‘setfillstyle’ and ‘setfillpattern’.
Return Value• None.
6) FLOODFILL• It fills a bounded region.
Declaration• void floodfill (int x, int y, int border);
Remarks• floodfill fills an enclosed area on a bitmap device.• The area bounded by the color border is flooded with the current fill pattern
and fill color.• Here (x,y) is a “seed point”. If the seed is within an enclosed area the inside
will be filled; if the seed is outside the enclosed area, the exterior will befilled.
• Use fillpoly instead of floodfill wherever possible, so that you can maintaincode compatibility with future versions.
• floodfill doesn’t work within the IBM - 8514 driver.
Return Value• If an error occurs while flooding a region, graph result returns ‘1’.
7) GETCOLOR, SETCOLOR• Getcolor returns the current drawing color.• Setcolor returns the current or specific drawing color.
Declaration• int getcolor (void);• int setcolor (int color);
Remarks• Getcolor returns the current drawing color.• Setcolor sets the current drawing color to color, which can range from 0 to
getmaxcolor.• To set a drawing color with setcolor, you can pass either the color number or
the equivalent color name.
Return Value• Returns an integer.
8) LINE, LINEREL, LINETO
• Line draws a line between two specified points.• Linerel draws a line at a relative distance from the current position(cp).• Lineto draws a line from the current position to (x,y).
Declaration• void line (int x, int y, int x2, int y2);• void linerel (int dx, int dy);• void lineto (int x, int y);
Remarks• Linerel draws a line from the cp to the point that is a relative distance (dx, dy)
from the cp and then advances the cp by (dx, dy).• Lineto draws a line from cp to (x, y) and moves the cp to (x, y).• There is no return value for all the functions.
Return Value• None.
9) RECTANGLE• Draws a rectangle in graphics mode.
Declaration• void rectangle (int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
Remarks• Draws a rectangle in the current line style, thickness and drawing color.• (left, top) is the upper left corner of the rectangle and (right, bottom) is the
lower right corner.
Return Value• None.
Program:2
/*WAP to use the inbuilt function of computer graphics.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int graphdriver=DETECT,graphmode;
initgraph(&graphdriver,&graphmode,"...\\bgi");
line(100,100,150,50);
line(150,50,200,100);
line(100,100,200,100);
line(150,50,350,50);
line(200,100,350,100);
line(350,50,350,100);
circle(150,75,10);
rectangle(100,100,200,300);
rectangle(200,100,350,300);
rectangle(250,175,300,225);
line(250,175,300,225);
line(300,175,250,225);
line(300,175,250,225);
line(125,300,125,225);
line(175,300,175,225);
arc(150,225,0,180,25);
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:Output-:Output-:
Program:3
/*WAP to draw a line using DDA function.*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,x2,y1,y2,k,dx,dy,s,xi,yi;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi:");
cout<<"enter first point";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"enter second point";
cin>>x2>>y2;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(abs(dx)>abs(dy))
s=abs(dx);
else
s=abs(dy);
xi=dx/s;
yi=dy/s;
x=x1;
y=y1;
putpixel(x,y,2);
for(k=0;k<s;k++)
{
x=x+xi;
y=y+yi;
putpixel(x,y,2);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(x,y,2);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(x,y,2);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
Program:4
/*WAP to draw a line using Symmetric DDA function.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,x2,y1,y2,k,dx,dy,s,xi,yi,n,n1,n2,i;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi");
cout<<"enter first point";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"enter second point";
cin>>x2>>y2;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(abs(dx)>abs(dy))
s=abs(dx);
else
s=abs(dy);
n=log(s)/log(2);
xi=(x2-x1)/pow(n,2);
yi=(y2-y1)/pow(n,2);
x=x1;
y=y1;
putpixel(x,y,7);
for(k=0;k<s;k++)
{
x=x+xi;
y=y+yi;
putpixel(x,y,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(x,y,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(x,y,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
Program:5
/*WAP to draw a line using Bresenhman function (when slop<=1).*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,x2,y1,y2,k,dx,dy,s,inc1,inc2,d,xend;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,”…\\bgi”);
cout<<“enter first point”;
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<“enter second point”;
cin>>x2>>y2;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(abs(dx)>abs(dy))
{
inc1=2*dy;
inc2=2*(dy-dx);
d=inc1-dx;
if(dx<0)
{
x=x2;
y=y2;
xend=x1;
}
else
{
x=x1;
y=y1;
xend=x2;
}
for(k=0;k<=xend;k++)
{
putpixel(x,y,6);
if(d>=0)
{
y=y+1;
d=d+inc2;
}
else
{
d=d+inc1;
}
x=x+1;
}
}
else
{
cout<<”enter slop less than 1”;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:Output-:Output-:
Program:6
/*WAP to draw a line using bresenham function (when slop>=1).*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,x2,y1,y2,k,dx,dy,s,inc1,inc2,d,yend;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,”…\\bgi”);
cout<<”enter first point”;
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<”enter second point”;
cin>>x2>>y2;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(abs(dx)<abs(dy))
{
inc1=2*dx;
inc2=2*(dx-dy);
d=inc1-dy;
if(dy<0)
{
x=x2;
y=y2;
yend=y1;
}
else
{
x=x1;
y=y1;
yend=y2;
}
for(k=0;k<=yend;k++)
{
putpixel(x,y,4);
if(d>=0)
{
x=x+1;
d=d+inc2;
}
else
{
d=d+inc1;
}
y=y+1;
}
}
else
{
cout<<”enter slop greater than 1”;
}
getch();
closegraph();}
Output-:Output-:Output-:
Program:7
/*WAP to draw a circle using Polynomial function.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,r,h,k,s,xend;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi:");
cout<<"enter the center of circle";
cin>>h>>k;
cout<<"enter the radius of circle";
cin>>r;
x=0;
y=r;
xend=r/1.414;
for(x=0;x<=xend;x++)
{
y=sqrt(r*r-x*x);
putpixel(x+h,y+k,1);putpixel(-x+h,y+k,1);putpixel(x+h,-y+k,1);putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,1);putpixel(y+h,x+k,1);putpixel(-y+h,x+k,1);putpixel(y+h,-x+k,1);putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,1);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:Output-:Output-:
Program:8
/*WAP to draw a circle using Bresenham’s function.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int h,k,r,x,y,d;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi:");
cout<<"enter the center of circle";
cin>>h>>k;
cout<<"enter the radius of circle";
cin>>r;
x=0;
y=r;
d=(3-(2*r));
for(x=0;x<=y;x++)
{
putpixel(x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,-x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,7);
if(d<0)
{
d=(d+(4*x)+6);
}
else
{
d=(d+(4*(x-y))+10);
y=y-1;
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
else
{
d=(d+(4*(x-y))+10);
y=y-1;
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
else
{
d=(d+(4*(x-y))+10);
y=y-1;
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
Program:9
/*WAP to draw a circle using Trigonometric function.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int r,h,k,theta,thetaend;
double angle,temp,thetainc,x,y;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi:");
cout<<"enter the center of circle";
cin>>h>>k;
cout<<"enter the radius of circle";
cin>>r;
temp=3.141/180;
thetainc=1/r;
theta=0;
thetaend=45;
for(theta=0;theta<=thetaend;theta++)
{
angle=temp*theta;
x=r*cos(angle);
y=r*sin(angle);
putpixel(x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,-x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,7);
theta=theta+thetainc;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(-x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,-x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,7);
theta=theta+thetainc;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(-x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,x+k,7);
putpixel(y+h,-x+k,7);
putpixel(-y+h,-x+k,7);
theta=theta+thetainc;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
Program:10
/*WAP to draw an ellipse using Polynomial function.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int h,k;
double x,a,y,b,c,x1,x2,xend ;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi");
cout<<"enter center of ellipse";
cin>>h>>k;
cout<<"enter major and minor axis of ellipse";
cin>>x1>>x2;
a=x1/2;
b=x2/2;
x=0.0;
xend=a;
for(x=0;x<=xend;x=x+1)
{
y=b*sqrt(1-(x*x)/(a*a));
putpixel(x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:
Program:11
/*WAP to draw an ellipse using Trigonometric function.*/
#include<conio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int h,k,xend,thetaend,a,b;
double x,y,c,x1,x2,temp,thetainc,theta,angle ;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...\\bgi");
cout<<"enter center of ellipse";
cin>>h>>k;
cout<<"enter major and minor axis of ellipse";
cin>>x1>>x2;
a=x1/2;
b=x2/2;
x=0.0;
temp=3.141/180;
thetainc=1.571;
theta=0;
thetaend=90;
for(theta=0.0;theta<=thetaend;theta=theta+thetainc)
{
angle=temp*theta;
x=a*cos(angle);
y=b*sin(angle);
putpixel(x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,y+k,7);
putpixel(x+h,-y+k,7);
putpixel(-x+h,-y+k,7);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Output-:Output-:Output-:
PROGRAM – 12
/* WAP to fill the triangle with Boundary Fill using 4-connected Fill Method */
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
void BoundaryFill(const int,const int,const int,const int);
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...//bgi");
int x,y;
cout<<"Enter the boundary color";
cin>>x;
setcolor(x);
line(100,150,200,150);
line(200,150,150,75);
line(150,75,100,150);
cout<<"Enter the interior color";
cin>>y;
if(x==y)
{
cout<<"enter different values for interior/boundary color";
}
else
{
BoundaryFill(110,140,y,x);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
struct Pixel
{
int x;
int y;
Pixel *Next;
};
Pixel *Entry=NULL;
Pixel *Start=NULL;
Pixel *Last=NULL;
void insert_pixel(const int x,const int y)
{
Entry=new Pixel;
Entry->x=x;
Entry->y=y;
Entry->Next=NULL;
Last->Next=Entry;
Last=Entry;
}
void BoundaryFill(const int _x,const int _y,const int fill_color,const int boundary_color)
{
if(getpixel(_x,_y)==boundary_color || getpixel(_x,_y)==fill_color)
return;
int x=_x;
int y=_y;
Start=new Pixel;
Start->x=x;
Start->y=y;
Start->Next=NULL;
Last=Start;
while(Start!=NULL)
{
putpixel(x,y,fill_color);
if(getpixel((x-1),y)!=boundary_color &&getpixel((x-1),y)!=fill_color&& (x-1)>=0)
{
putpixel((x-1),y,fill_color);
insert_pixel((x-1),y);
}
if(getpixel(x,(y-1))!=boundary_color &&
getpixel(x,(y-1))!=fill_color&& (y-1)>=0)
{
putpixel(x,(y-1),fill_color);
insert_pixel(x,(y-1));
}
if(getpixel((x+1),y)!=boundary_color &&
getpixel((x+1),y)!=fill_color&& (x+1)<=getmaxx( ))
{
putpixel((x+1),y,fill_color);
insert_pixel((x+1),y);
}
if(getpixel(x,(y+1))!=boundary_color &&
getpixel(x,(y+1))!=fill_color&& (y-1)<=getmaxy( ))
{
putpixel(x,(y+1),fill_color);
insert_pixel(x,(y+1));
}
Entry=Start;
Start=Start->Next;
x=Start->x;
y=Start->y;
delete Entry;
}
}
OUTPUT :
PROGRAM – 13
/* WAP to fill the triangle with FloodFill 4-connected Fill Method */
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
void FloodFill(const int,const int,const int,const int);
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"...//bgi");
int x,y;
setcolor(6);
line(100,150,200,150);
setcolor(4);
line(200,150,150,75);
line(150,75,100,150);
cout<<"Enter the interior color";
cin>>y;
FloodFill(110,140,y,10);
getch();
closegraph();
}
struct Pixel
{
int x;
int y;
Pixel *Next;
};
Pixel *Entry=NULL;
Pixel *Start=NULL;
Pixel *Last=NULL;
void insert_pixel(const int x,const int y)
{
Entry=new Pixel;
Entry->x=x;
Entry->y=y;
Entry->Next=NULL;
Last->Next=Entry;
Last=Entry;
}
void FloodFill(constint _x,constint _y, constint fill_color,constint old_color)
{
if(old_color==fill_color)
return;
int x=_x;
int y=_y;
Start=new Pixel;
Start->x=x;
Start->y=y;
Start->Next=NULL;
Last=Start;
while(Start!=NULL)
{
putpixel(x,y,fill_color);
if(getpixel((x-1),y)==old_color && (x-1)>=0)
{
putpixel((x-1),y,fill_color);
insert_pixel((x-1),y);
}
if(getpixel(x,(y-1))==old_color && (y-1)>=0)
{
putpixel(x,(y-1),fill_color);
insert_pixel(x,(y-1));
}
if(getpixel((x+1),y)==old_color && (x+1)<=getmaxx( ))
{
putpixel((x+1),y,fill_color);
insert_pixel((x+1),y);
}
if(getpixel(x,(y+1))==old_color && (y+1)<=getmaxy( ))
{
putpixel(x,(y+1),fill_color);
insert_pixel(x,(y+1));
}
Entry=Start;
Start=Start->Next;
x=Start->x;
y=Start->y;
delete Entry;
}
}
PROGRAM 14
/*Write a program to implement translation of a triangle.*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, tx, ty;
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "…\\BGI ");
cout<<"\nEnter the first coordinate: ";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"\nEnter the second coordinate: ";
cin>>x2>>y2;
cout<<"\nEnter the third coordinate: ";
cin>>x3>>y3;
cout<<"\nEnter the translation coordinates: ";
cin>>tx>>ty;
line(x1, y1, x2, y2);
line(x2, y2, x3, y3);
line(x3, y3, x1, y1);
line(x1 + tx, y1 + ty, x2 + tx, y2 + ty);
line(x2 + tx, y2 + ty, x3 + tx, y3 + ty);
line(x3 + tx, y3 + ty, x1 + tx, y1 + ty);
getch();
closegraph();
}
OUTPUT
PROGRAM 15
/*Write a program to implement translation of a circle.*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x, y, r, tx, ty;
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "C:\\TC\\BGI");
cout<<"\nEnter the radius: ";
cin>>r;
cout<<"\nEnter the coordinates of the center: ";
cin>>x>>y;
circle(x, y, r);
cout<<"\nEnter the translation coordinates: ";
cin>>tx>>ty;
circle(x + tx, y + ty, r);
getch();
closegraph();
}
OUTPUT
Practical No. 16
/*Write a program to implement rotation of line about origin.*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode,theta;
float x1,y1,x2,y2,x11,y11,x22,y22;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
cout<<"enter the co-ordinates of first point:";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"enter the co-ordinates of second point:";
cin>>x2>>y2;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
cout<<"enter the rotation angle:";
cin>>theta;
theta=theta*3.14/100;
x11=(x1*sin(theta))+(y1*cos(theta));
y11=(x1*cos(theta))-(y1*sin(theta));
x22=(x2*sin(theta))+(y2*cos(theta));
y22=(x2*cos(theta))-(y2*sin(theta));
line(x11,y11,x22,y22);
getch();
closegraph();
}
OUTPUT
Enter the coordinates of first point: 101 50
Enter the coordinates of second point: 367 78
Enter the rotation angle: 38
PROGRAM 17
/*WAP TO SHOW LINE CLIPPING*/
.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<iostream.h>
void storepoints(int,int,int,int,int,int,int[]);
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x1,x2,y1,y2,xmax,ymax,xmin,ymin,a[10],b[10],xi1,xi2,yi1,yi2,flag=0;
float m;
int I;
clrscr();
printf(“output”);
printf(“\n”);
printf(“enter the value of x1,y1,x2,y2:__>”);
scanf(“%d%d%d%d”,&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2);
printf(“enter the value of xmax,ymax,xmin,ymin:”);
scanf(“%d%d%d%d”,&xmax,&ymax,&xmin,&ymin);
storepoints(x2,y2,ymin,ymax,xmax,xmin,b);
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
if(a[i]*b[i]==0)
flag=1;
else
flag=0;
}
if(flag==1)
{
m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
xi1=x1;
yi1=y1;
}
if(a[1]==1)
{
yi1=ymax;
xi1=x1+((1/m)*(yi1-y1));
}
else
{
if(a[2]==1)
{
yi1=ymin;
xi1=x1+((1/m)*(yi1-y1));
}
}
if(a[3]==1)
{
xi1=xmax;
yi1=y1+(m*(xi1-x1));
}
if(a[4]==1)
{
xi1=xmin;
yi1=y1+(m*(xi1-x1));
}
else
if(b[1]==1)
{
yi2=ymax;
xi2=x2+((1/m)*(yi2-y2));
}
else
if(b[2]==1)
{
yi2=ymin;
xi2=x2+((1/m)*(yi2-y2));
}
else
if(b[3]==1)
{
xi2=xmax;
yi2=y2+((1/m)*(xi2-x2));
}
else
if(b[4]==1)
{
xi2=xmin;
yi2=y2+(m*(xi2-x2));
}
clrscr();
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,”c://tc//bgi:”);
rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
delay(5000);
closegraph();
clrscr();
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,”c://tc//bgi:”);
line(xi1,yi1,xi2,yi2);
rectangle(xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax);
if(flag==0)
{
printf(“\n no clipping is required”);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void storepoints(int x1,int y1,int ymax,int xmax,int xmin,int ymin,int c[10])
{
if((y1-ymax)>0)
c[1]=1;
else
c[1]=0;
if((ymin-y1)>0)
c[2]=1;
else
c[2]=0;
if((x1-xmax)>0)
c[3]=1;
else
c[3]=0;
if((xmin-x1)>0)
c[4]=1;
else
c[4]=0;
}
OUTPUT
enter the value of x1,y1,x2,y2:__>1010100100enter the value of xmax,ymax,xmin,ymin505000
PROGRAM 18
/*PROGRAM TO REFLECT A TRIANGLE*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<process.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int graphdriver=DETECT,graphmode;
initgraph(&graphdriver,&graphmode,"...\\bgi");
int x,y,x1,a[3][3];
double b[3][3],c[3][3];
cout<<"\n Enter Ist coordinates of triangle:";
cin>>a[0][0]>>a[1][0];
cout<<"\n Enter 2nd coordinates of triangle:";
cin>>a[0][1]>>a[1][1];
cout<<"\n Enter 3rd coordinates of triangle:";
cin>>a[0][2]>>a[1][2];
cout<<"\n Enter 1. for reflection in x-axis:\n";
cout<<"\n Enter 2. for reflection in y-axis:\n";
cout<<"\n Enter 3. for reflection in both the axis:\n";
cin>>x;
cleardevice();
line(320,0,320,479);
line(0,240,639,240);
line(a[0][0],a[1][0],a[0][1],a[1][1]);
line(a[0][1],a[1][1],a[0][2],a[1][2]);
line(a[0][0],a[1][0],a[0][2],a[1][2]);
switch(x)
{
case 1:b[0][0]=640-a[0][0];
b[0][1]=640-a[0][1];
b[0][2]=640-a[0][2];
b[1][0]=a[1][0];
b[1][1]=a[1][1];
b[1][2]=a[1][2];
line(320,0,320,479);
line(0,240,639,240);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][1],b[1][1]);
line(b[0][1],b[1][1],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
getch();
break;
case 2:b[1][0]=480-a[1][0];
b[1][1]=480-a[1][1];
b[1][2]=480-a[1][2];
b[0][0]=a[0][0];
b[0][1]=a[0][1];
b[0][2]=a[0][2];
line(320,0,320,479);
line(0,240,639,240);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][1],b[1][1]);
line(b[0][1],b[1][1],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
getch();
break;
case 3: b[0][0]=640-a[0][0];
b[0][1]=640-a[0][1];
b[0][2]=640-a[0][2];
b[1][0]=a[1][0];
b[1][1]=a[1][1];
b[1][2]=a[1][2];
line(320,0,320,479);
line(0,240,639,240);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][1],b[1][1]);
line(b[0][1],b[1][1],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
b[1][0]=480-a[1][0];
b[1][1]=480-a[1][1];
b[1][2]=480-a[1][2];
b[0][0]=a[0][0];
b[0][1]=a[0][1];
b[0][2]=a[0][2];
line(320,0,320,479);
line(0,240,639,240);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][1],b[1][1]);
line(b[0][1],b[1][1],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
line(b[0][0],b[1][0],b[0][2],b[1][2]);
getch();
break;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
Program:19
PROGRAM TO PERFORM SHEARING OF A RECTANGLE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int l,t,r,b,sx,sy;
int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,x4,y4;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"…\\bgi");
cout<<”Enter the coordinates of rectangle : ";
cin>>l>>t,>>r,>>b;
// cleardevice();
rectangle(l,t,r,b);
//Shear along x-axis
cout<<”Enter the x-direction shear factor : ";
cin>>sx;
x1=l+sx*t-sx*t;
y1=t;
x2=r+sx*t-sx*t;
y2=t;
x3=l+sx*b-sx*t;
y3=b;
x4=r+sx*b-sx*t;
y4=b;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x4,y4);
line(x4,y4,x3,y3);
line(x1,y1,x3,y3);
x1=y1=x 2=y2=x3=y3=x 4=y4=0;
//Shear along y-axis
// cleardevice();
// rectangle(l,t,r,b);
cout<<”Enter the y-dir ection shear factor : ";
cin>>sy;
x1=l;
y1=t+sy*l-sy*l;
x2=r;
y2=t+sy*r-sy*l;
x3=r;
y3=b+sy*r-sy*l;
x4=l;
y4=b+sy*l-sy*l;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x4,y4,x3,y3);
line(x1,y1,x4,y4);
getch();
closegraph();
}