Post on 04-Jun-2018
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Management of the Urban
Environment
Prof. Annapurna Shaw
Public Policy and ManagementGroup
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Why focus on urban areas/cities
separately?
As of 2007, more than 50% of the worlds
population lives in urban places.
Urban impacts on the environment are
more intense.
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Urban areas occupy less than 2% of the earths
surface but:
-accommodate half of the worlds 7 billion
population-70% of the worlds GDP
-80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emissions Regarding environmental impacts, urban areas
present both challenges as well as opportunities.
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Impact on nature
Human activities negatively affecting nature
disappearing wilderness, forests bemoaned by the
preservationists of the 1800s;
Nature should be used optimallyconservationists
Rise of the modern environmental movement in the West
in the 1960s
---interconnectedness of nature and all living things
---questioning of modern technology---based on a new public awareness
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Fallout of Rachel Carsons book
Public outcry
Presidents Science Advisory Report
(1963)
Environmental Defence Fund-a nonprofit
environmental advocacy group (1967)
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)created in 1970
Ban on DDT (1972)
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Institution for Environment
Protection in India
In India, the Department of Environment
was created in 1980. In 1985, it became
the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
Role of civil society
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Population impact models of the
1970s-1980s
Population impact (Ehrlich and Holdren,
1971):
I = P, A , T
P = population
A = affluence
T = technology
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Early Impact studies
Primary focus on sheer numbers of people
Ignored low per capita energy use and
resource use;
City population growth actually saves rural
areas;
High density city environments have manypositive features
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Sustainable development of
cities (1990s) Official recognition of sustainable cities at
Habitat 2 Conference in 1996.
Sustainability is defined following the Brundtland
Commissions report (1987): meeting the needsof the present without compromising the abilityof future generations to meet their own needs.
Needs were regarded as economic,
environmental and social. Thus the 3 pillars of sustainable development
were: economic growth, environmentalprotection and social equity.
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Urban Sustainability Assessment
via sustainability indicators
A range of criteria are used; no single set
of indicators suits all cities equally;
International Urban Sustainability
Indicators List contains 115 indicators for 4
dimensions: environmental, economic,
social and governance
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Satterthwaites framework for assessing the
environmental performance of cities
1. Provision of adequate water, sanitation,
drainage and garbage collection (brown agenda)
2. Reduction of chemical and physical hazardswithin the home, workplace and wider city;
3. Achieving a high quality city environment forall city inhabitants;
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4. Minimizing the transfer of environment coststo inhabitants and ecosystems surrounding thecity;
5. Minimizing the transfer of environment coststo people and ecosystems beyond the cityregion and the future through sustainable
consumption.
The largest and wealthiest c i t ies trans fer the
mos t
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Ecological footprint studies
(1990s)
Total resource use of city relative to its
population; all resource consumption is
converted to a landprint.
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Concept of ecological footprint
The Ecological Footprint of a region is the areaof productive land required to provide all theenergy and material resources consumed and toabsorb all of the wastes discharged by the
population of the region using currenttechnology, wherever on earth the land islocated (Wackernagel & Rees, 1996).
The ecological footprint is, in fact, a measure ofpopulation impact expressed in terms ofappropriated land area (Rees and Wackernagel,2000).
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Ecological Footprints of Cities
Londons footprint in 1995 was 125.
Manali, Himachal Pradeshs footprint was9 (Cole, 1999).
EF is a negative measure of the impact ofcities; the analysis provides no suggestion
on how to reduce the footprint.
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Climate change impacts
Changes in climate variables Primary and secondary impacts
Temperature extremes-rise in average
temperatureswarm spells, heat waves
Heat related mortality; increase in demand
for water, impacts on air and water quality;
increased demand for cooling
Heavy precipitation events Deterioration of quality of surface and
ground water;Mortality, injury, water-borne and food-
borne diseases
Flooding and water logging
Disruption of mobility
Displacements of settlements
Damages to industry and infrastructure
Sea level rise Land indundation
Salt water intrusion into ground water
aquifers; impacts on coastal agriculture and
livelihoods, displacement of coastal
settlements; damage to industry and
infrastructure
More extreme events Mortality and morbidity; damage to infrastr.
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Need for building resilient cities
Resilience can be defined as the ability of a system,
community or society exposed to hazards to resist,
absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of
a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including
through the preservation and restoration of its essentialbasic structures and functions.
Urban resilience can be defined as the ability of cities to
tolerate alteration before reorganizing around a new setof structures and processes.
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Developing carbon neutral
cities Targeted low carbon strategies in key sectors:
-buildings
-urban planning
-urban transport
-urban infrastructure
This has the potential to decrease nearly 29%
the projected emissions by 2020 (United NationsEconomic Commission for Europe, 2009).
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Integrating low carbon climate resilience
thinking into urban development
Via new strategies that exclusively
address these issues
Via key policies, programs, and initiatives
of the Government of India that offer entry
points for mainstreaming resilience,
adaptation and mitigation within the urban
sustainable development agenda.
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Key public policies
In December 2009, just before the Copenhagen
Summit (15thUN Climate Conference) India
announced the adoption of a domestic mitigationgoal of reducing the carbon emissions intensity
of its GDP by 20-25% by 2020 in comparison to
its 2005 level.
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Entry point via the National Five
Year Plans 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012) concerns for the urban sector
Inclusion of the environmental dimensionfor the first time since 1951
Its suggestions, input by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute):
1.Developing an Environmental Rating Systemfor Urban Servicesprovided by the local bodiesTERIs Urban Services Environmental
Rating System (USERS)
2.Green Rating and Energy Efficient Buildings- (TERI) GRIHANationalGreen Building Rating Systemlaunched in Nov 1, 2007.
3.Waste to Energy projects
4.Training needsassessment for capacity building
5. Better data systems and digitized maps for transparency, bettermanagement and planning eg., for improved solid wastemanagement
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12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
One of its key pillars is low carbon inclusive growth:
- Interim Report of the Expert Group on Low Carbon
Strategies for Inclusive growth, May 2011
-Report of the Sub-group on Climate Change, Oct. 2011.
Under Housing and Urban Development, there is a
separate working group on Environmental Sustainability
of Indian Cities.
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New Strategy: National Action Plan
on Climate Change (2008)
8 national missions were launchedunder it:
National Solar Mission (Jan. 2010)
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
(June 2010)
National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (June
2010)
National Water Mission (May 2010) National Mission for a Green India (Feb. 2011)
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National Mission on Sustainable
Habitats directly focuses on urban areas and
promotes sustainability through:
-enhancing the energy efficiency of
buildings
-urban waste recycling
-shift towards public transport
Climate change objectives should be
integrated into the planning process
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Entry point via JNNURM
JNNURM(Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission)covering 65 cities was started in 2005.
UIDSSMT(Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small andMedium Towns) covers all the balance towns and cities in the nation( as per 2001 census).
Both are under the Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministryof Housing and Poverty Alleviation. Period covered for both is 2005-6 to 2011-12 now extended.
-Revis ion of b ui ld ing b ye laws for m andatory w ater harvest ingin all build ing s (30 cit ies)
-By elaws on use o f recyc led w ater (12 cit ies)
- For JNNURM, Projectsearning carbon credits**
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Solar Energy Technologies and
their applications for Cities
Urban local bodies urged to make
mandatory for new buildings:
-Solar water heating systems
-Solar/green buildings
-Solar air heating/steam generating
system in industries-Solar photovoltaic devices/systems
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Policy Implementation via Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy
28thFebruary 2008 notification on Developmentof Solar Cities during 11thPlan period.
To enable/empower urban local governments of60 citiesaddress energy challenges through:
-A Master Plan on energy demand and supply,GHG emissions
-solar city cell with all stakeholders
-training programmes/awareness camps-financial provision of 50 lakhs per city
Goal: 10% reduction in use of conventional energy
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ICLEI (International Council for
Local Environmental Initiatives)
11 Indian cities are members of ICLEI
-Bhubaneswar, Delhi, Guntur, Gwalior,
Hyderabad, Jablapur, Nagpur, Shimla,Thane, Vadodara, Vijayawada.