Post on 12-May-2015
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Community Policing in the US
Problem solving in society
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Topics
History of Community Policing
Community Policing
Problem-Oriented Policing and Community-Oriented Policing
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
History of Community Policing
An outgrowth of two major forces in the 1960s: Concerns about rising crime rates and The national civil rights movement
These movements lead to increased attention and funding for research and policy development
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
History of Community Policing
Also in the 1960s, a due process revolution was also occurring and the country was demanding:
improved police-community relations; increased education for officers; diversity in the ranks, and; controls on police discrimination.
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON History of Community Policing
Research Congress allocated monies for research, which
produced the;• Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study• Rand Investigation Experiment.
Response time studies suggested that police rarely respond to crimes in progress
Evidence from these studies indicated that police were limited in their ability to affect crime levels
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON History of Community Policing
Implications of the Research Findings
Increased interest in how to best involve citizens in the crime problem/solution
Increased experimentation on methods for preventing crime, including a number of studies on the impact of foot patrol.
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
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What is Community Policing?
• Community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem-solving, community engagement, and partnerships.
• The community policing model balances reactive responses to calls for service with proactive problem-solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder.
• Community policing requires police and citizens to join together as partners.
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Some Core Elements of Community Policing
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
COMMUNITY POLICING
Community Policing Definition
1. Agency has multi-disciplinary partnerships with indicated community partners, including other government agencies, non-profit and community groups, businesses, the media, and individuals.
2. Existing partnerships bring appropriate resources and level of commitment to community policing activities.
3. Level of interaction between law enforcement agency and community partners: communication, coordination, or collaboration.
Community Partnerships
Collaborative partnerships between the law enforcement agency and the individuals and organizations that serve or include anyone with a stake in the community.
Problem Solving Organizational Transformation
Community Policing Elements
The process and effect of problem solving should be assessed at each stage of the problem solving process.
1. Agency management• Leadership • Decision-making • Planning and Policies• Organizational evaluations• Agency Accountability • Transparency
2. Organizational structure • Geographic assignment of
officers• De-specialization• Flatten organizational structure• Resources and finances
3. Personnel• Recruitment, hiring and
selection• Personnel evaluation and
supervision• Training
4. Technology/information systems • Communication/Access to Data• Quality and Accuracy of Data
1. General Problem Solving Approach2. Problem Solving Processes
• Scanning• Analysis• Response• Assessment
3. General Skill in Problem Solving
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Other Ways of Defining Community Policing
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
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Organizational Elements
1. CP Philosophy is Adopted Throughout the Organization
2. Decentralized Decision-Making and Accountability
3. Fixed Geographic Accountability and Generalist Responsibilities
4. Utilization of Volunteer Resources/Services
5. Enhancers
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
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Tactical Elements
1. Enforcement of Laws
2. Proactive, Crime Prevention Oriented
3. Problem-solving
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
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External Elements
1. Public Involvement in Community Partnerships
2. Government and Other Agency Partnerships
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Philosophical Dimension
Citizen Input - Police agencies need extensive input from citizens on problems, priorities, policies, etc.
Broad Function - Policing is a broad function - it is much more than just law enforcement.
Personal Service - Policing works best when officers know citizens and deliver personalized service - the opposite of “stranger” policing.
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
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Strategic Dimension
Re-Oriented Operations - Police look beyond traditional strategies of routine patrol, rapid response, and detective investigations and utilize proactive strategies and tactics.
Prevention Emphasis - Whenever possible, police should emphasize preventing crime rather than simply reacting after the fact.
Geographic Focus - Policing should be organized and deployed to maximize the extent of identification between specific officers and specific neighborhoods.
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Tactical Dimension
Positive Interaction - Police should positively interact with all segments of the community - especially since the nature of police work guarantees that some negative interaction is inevitable.
Partnerships - Police should partner with the community to deal with crime/problems, including collaborating with public and private agencies.
Problem Solving - Police and citizens should take every opportunity to address the conditions that cause incidents and crimes.
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON Organizational Dimension
Structure - Police agencies should re-examine their structures to assure that they support and facilitate community policing.
Management - Police agencies should re-examine the way people are supervised and managed to assure consistency with community policing.
Information - Police agencies should re-examine their information systems to make sure they support and facilitate community policing.
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON Variations in Community Policing
Community policing varies from one community to the next.
Community policing in a large, metropolitan city may be different than community policing in a small, rural area.
Community policing is dynamic and it changes with the community, crime rates, mobilization of citizens, region of the country, and other social and environmental factors.
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RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
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The 1994 “Crime Act”Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
COPS Mission - Advance the practice of community policing to improve public safety.
Provided grants to hire and train community policing professionals, improve technology, and develop innovative strategies.
By 2005, COPS had invested $11.3 billion to add 118,768 community policing officers and deputies to the our streets and schools
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON
Problem-Oriented Policing and
Community-Oriented Policing
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Selected Comparisons Between Problem-Oriented Policing and Community Policing Principles
Principle Problem-Oriented Policing Community-Oriented PolicingPrimary emphasis Substantive social problems within police
mandateEngaging the community in the policing process
When police and community collaborate Determined on a problem by problem basis Always or nearly always
Emphasis on problem analysis Highest priority given to thorough analysis Encouraged, but less important than community collaboration
Preference for responses Strong preference that alternatives to criminal law enforcement be explored
Preference for collaborative responses with community
Role for police in organizing and mobilizing community
Advocated only if warranted within the context of the specific problem being addressed
Emphasizes strong role for police
Importance of geographic decentralization of police and continuity of officer assignment to community
Preferred, but not essential Essential
Degree to which police share decision-making authority with community
Strongly encourages input from community while preserving ultimate decision-making authority to police
Emphasizes sharing decision-making authority with community
Emphasis on officer skills Emphasizes intellectual and analytical skills Emphasizes interpersonal skills
View of the role or mandate of police Encourages broad, but not unlimited role for police, stresses limited capacities of police and guards against creating unrealistic expectations of police
Encourages expansive role for police to achieve ambitious social objectives
RISK EVALUATION LTDRISK EVALUATION LTDAnalysis for Decison Makers
MEXICO - LONDON POP and COP
Historically, many considered these two concepts to be mutually exclusive.
Police leaders and academics tend to agree that these concepts overlap in philosophy and practice.
Bottom line – It’s not one or the other, it’s one and the other…
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