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Communications and Communications and NetworksNetworksChapter 9Chapter 9
ITSC 1401, Intro to Computers
Instructor: Glenda H. Easter
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CommunicationsCommunicationsand Networkingand Networking
Define the components required for successful communications
Describe uses of communications
Identify the various types of transmission media
Explain the purpose of communications software
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CommunicationsCommunicationsand Networkingand Networking
Describe commonly used communications devices
Explain the difference between a local area network and a wide area network
Understand the various communications protocols
Identify uses of intranets and extranets
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ConnectivityConnectivity
Connectivity is the ability for two or more computers to exchange information, share data and resources.Connectivity can be achieved in two ways:
Telecommunications (computers and telephones)Direct Access (computers and networks)A communication channel isanother word for telecommunications.
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ConnectivityConnectivity
In order for connectivity to occur, you need either
a modem (Modulator/Demodulator) or
a network card
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CommunicationsCommunications
What is needed for communications?Sending device
Conversion from data into signals
Communications channel
Conversion from signals to data
Receiving device
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Uses of CommunicationsUses of Communications
E-mail Videoconferencing
Voice mail Groupware
Fax Instant Messaging
Telecommuting Smartphones
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How Computer Communications How Computer Communications Work Work (Continued)(Continued)
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Uses of CommunicationsUses of Communications
Global Positioning System
Bulletin Board System
The InternetThe Web
E-commerce
Telephony
Structure of the Internet Animation
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Hardware
Channels-Wired Transmission Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-optic Cable
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CommunicationsCommunications Channels Channels
Twisted pair - telephone wireCoaxial cable - used by cable television
companiesFiber optic cable - thin wires of glass fiberInfrared transmission - a beam of infrared lightMicrowave transmission - Radio signals
beamed between earth stationsSatellite transmission - Radio signals beamed
between satellites and earth stations
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Physical Transmission MediaPhysical Transmission MediaTwisted-pair cable
Hundreds of wires connected together like those used for telephone lines.
Can often use a building’s existing unused telephone wiring.
This usage avoids having wiring strung over ceiling tiles (which may violate fire code and result in interference from fluorescent light fixtures).
Most buildings are wired with two (2) or three (3) pairs of wire to each wall outlet.
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Twisted Pair CableTwisted Pair Cable
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Physical Transmission MediaPhysical Transmission Media
Coaxial cable (coax)High-frequency line that has a solid cooper core
Cable TV
Not as susceptible to noise
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Physical Transmission Media Physical Transmission Media (Continued)(Continued)
Coaxial cable has the disadvantage that to add or remove a node, cables may have to be disconnected and reattached.
Special “T” connectors have to be placed along the cable for stations to connect to, and the ends of the cable need to have end-cap connectors called terminators.
Coaxial cable is used for Ethernet networks.
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Coaxial Cable (Coax)Coaxial Cable (Coax)
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Physical Transmission MediaPhysical Transmission Media
Fiber-optic cableTransfers data as pulses of light through tubes of glass. This is what is used for cellular telephones and microwave transmissions.
Carries many signals
High speed
Less susceptible to noise
Better security
Smaller size
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Physical Transmission MediaPhysical Transmission Media
Fiber Optic Cable (Continued):Installation requires special training because the cable cannot be simply cut or soldered as electrical wiring can.
Network interface cards are specific to the computer in which they are installed and to the type of network to which they are connecting.
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Fiber-Optic CableFiber-Optic Cable
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HardwareHardware
Channels-Wireless Transmission Modes
Cellular Telephone
Microwave Transmission
Satellite Transmission
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Communication Links Communication Links (Continued)(Continued)Microwave
Microwaves are high-frequency radio waves that travel in straight lines through the air.
These can only be transmitted over short distances.
SatellitesUsed as microwave relay stations.
Orbit about 22,000 miles above the earth.
Can be used to send large volumes of data.
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
Broadcast RadioLong distance
Station frequencies assigned by FCC• AM
• FM
Slow
Susceptible to noise
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
Cellular RadioCellular telephone
Cells
Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
MicrowavesHigh-speed
Microwave stations
Line-of-sight transmission
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
Communications SatelliteSpace station receives signals and re-transmits the signals
• Uplink
• Downlink
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Wireless Transmission MediaWireless Transmission Media
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Communications SatelliteCommunications Satellite
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Transmissions CharacteristicsTransmissions Characteristics
Signal Type: Analog or DigitalAnalog signals are continuous wave
Digital signals are electrical pulses
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Transmissions ModesTransmissions Modes
Transmission Modes: Asynchronous and Synchronous
Asynchronous - irregular intervals
Synchronous - regular intervals
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Transmission ModesTransmission Modes
Asynchronous is the most common and is the transmission mode used by personal computers.
It is slower because data is sent and received one byte at a time. With Asynchronous transmission the following example would be applicable:Computer A -- Start Bit -- Stop Bit -- Computer B
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Transmission Modes Transmission Modes (Continued)(Continued)
Synchronous allows several bytes or blocks of information to be sent within timed intervals. Data is flowing in both directions at the same time.Computer A Computer BComputer A Computer B
This is usually the transmission mode used by mainframes.
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Transmissions DirectionsTransmissions Directions
There are three directions or modes of data flow in a data communications system:
Transmission Direction: Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex
Simplex - one direction only
Half-duplex - either direction, but only one direction at a time
Full-duplex - both directions at the same time
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Transmission Direction: Simplex, Transmission Direction: Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-DuplexHalf-Duplex, and Full-Duplex
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Simplex Data FlowSimplex Data Flow
Data travels in only one direction.
It is not frequently used in data communication systems today.
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Half DuplexHalf Duplex
Data travels in both directions, but not simultaneously.
It is frequently used for linking microcomputers by telephone lines to other microcomputers, minicomputers, and mainframes.
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Full-DuplexFull-Duplex
Data is transmitted back and forth at the same time.
It is the fastest and most efficient form of two-way communication.
It requires special equipment and is used primarily for mainframe communications.
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The capacity of aparticular medium to carry information
Twisted-pair has the lowest bandwidth
Aside from microwave and satellite, fiber optic has the highest
Transmission ratesTransmission ratesBandwidthBandwidth
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BandwidthBandwidth
Bandwidth is the bits per second transmission capability of a channel.It is written as bps (Bits per Second)There are three types of bandwidth:
Voiceband - Used for microcomputer transmission.Medium Band used mainly with minicomputers and mainframes.Broadband used for very high speed computers
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The Telephone NetworkThe Telephone Network
Public switched telephone network (PSTN)
Plain old telephone service (POTS)
Uses variety of media
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The PSTN in PerspectiveThe PSTN in Perspective
As a caller moves from one area to another, a new cell site steps in to keep the signal strong. The sites are connected to a Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO), which is connected to the standard PSTN telephone system.
Sender of call
receiver of call
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The Telephone NetworkThe Telephone Network
Dial-Up LinesTemporary connection
Same cost as regular phone call
Quality cannot be controlled by the user
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Speeds and Costs of Various Speeds and Costs of Various Telephone ConnectionsTelephone Connections
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The Telephone NetworkThe Telephone Network
Dedicated LinesISDN lines
Digital subscriber lines
T-carrier lines
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
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Digital Subscriber LineDigital Subscriber LineSuper fast speed
Always on access
Simultaneous voice call and Internet access
Dedicated connection
Bandwidth doesn’t have to be shared; thereby, speeding up the process.
Hook up DSL to TV or run full-length movies over computer. Will be able to download video to hard drive.
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Example of Communications’ Example of Communications’ ChannelChannel
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0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
SoftwareSoftware
Communications Software
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Communications SoftwareCommunications Software
Dialing
File transfer
Terminal emulation
Internet access
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Communications SoftwareCommunications Software
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Communication Communication DevicesDevices
Modems - Internal/External/Fax/ModemsAnalog SignalsDigital SignalsDemodulation
• from analog to digital
Modulation• from digital to analog
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Modem Types and General Modem Types and General InformationInformationModems were developed to share and process data.External Modems connect with a serial port.Internal Modems consists of a plug-in circuit board inside the system unit.Wireless Modems are similar to the external modem that connects to the computer’s serial port. These receive data through the air.Modems allow dial-up access.
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Wide Area Networks (WAN)Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)Network covers a large geographical area
Usually consists of two or more LANs connected by a router
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Wide Area Networks (WAN)Wide Area Networks (WAN)
A type of private A type of private networknetwork
Uses all types of Uses all types of media to connectmedia to connect
Can cross great Can cross great distancesdistances
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Wide Area Networks (WANs)Wide Area Networks (WANs)
WANs connect computers over long distances.
They have the widest scope of connectivity.
WANs use microwave relays and satellites as a medium of transmission.
The most widely used WAN is the Internet.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Metropolitan Area Network Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)(MAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)A backbone network that connects local area networks in a metropolitan area
Typically includes one or more LANs, but in a smaller area than a WAN
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Network ArchitectureNetwork Architecture
A computer network is a communications system connecting two or more computers that work together
to exchange informationto share resources
Communications channels can be connected in different arrangements, or networks. The way networks are arranged and how their resources are shared is referred to as a network architecture.
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Local Area Local Area NetworksNetworks
Star Topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
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TopologyTopology
• The physical layout of the cables that connect the nodes of the network.
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Star TopologyStar Topology
• Places a hub in the center of the network nodes. Groups of data are routed through the central hub to their destinations.
• Star: the hub is in the center of the network nodes.
• The entire network goes down only if the hub is lost.
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Star TopologyStar Topology(Client/Server Architecture)(Client/Server Architecture)
In a Star Topology, each point could represent a computer terminal, and it is connected at the center by a host computer.
Star provides for timesharing where users share time on a central computer.
B
CD
E Host
A
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Star TopologyStar Topology (Client/Server Architecture) (Client/Server Architecture)
D
E
Host
B
C
A
Uses the polling method of control.
With polling, each deviceon the system isgiven a turn tosend its message.
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Star Topology (Continued)Star Topology (Continued)
Each machine is called a client or node.
Your central host connects to the nodes or machines.
A node is any device that shares resources on a network.
If the host or server dies, everything goes down.
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Star TopologyStar Topology
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Ring TopologyRing Topology
• Connects the nodes of the network in a circular chain in which each node is connected to the next.
• If a connection is lost, the entire network goes down.
• Ring: each node is chained to the next.
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Ring TopologyRing Topology
This is the oldest type of networking system.Each arrow representsa computer terminal.If Computer A tries tosend information to Computer B, and ComputerB is busy, it will send the information back to Auntil B is no longer busy.
A
B
C
DE
F
G
H
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Ring TopologyRing Topology
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Bus TopologyBus Topology
• A single conduit to which all the network nodes and peripheral devices are attached.
Bus: a single path connects all devices.
BUS
A broken path can bring down all connected devices.
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Bus TopologyBus Topology
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Bus TopologyBus TopologyThis is the type of set-up that exists in the Computer Lab. This the most popular type of network.Each device in the network handles its own communications control. There is no host; each node manages part of the network.The terminals are connected to a communications channel.
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Bus TopologyBus Topology
B D F
P
A C E
F
Printer
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ProtocolsProtocols
Protocols are sets of communication rules or standards for the exchange of information between computer systems.
A communications software package helps define the protocol, such as speed and modes for connecting with another microcomputer.
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Communications ProtocolsCommunications Protocols
EthernetDeveloped by Xerox in 1976
Most popular LAN protocol
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
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Communications ProtocolsCommunications Protocols
Token ringSecond most popular protocol for LANs
Based on ring topology
4 Mbps or 16 Mbps
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Communications ProtocolsCommunications Protocols
TCP/IPTransmission control protocol/Internet protocol
Data divided into small pieces called packets
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Transmission Control Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP/IP is the software of networks.
It sets up a common set of rules for computers to exchange information.
IP (Internet Protocol) is the numerical address each machine gets when it logs into a network.
The Internet is the largest packet switching network on earth. This started to occur when telephones became widespread.
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Enterprise IntranetEnterprise Intranet
An Internet within the enterprise
Secure server
For employee use or by permission only
Corporate gateway to the Internet
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IntranetsIntranets
Internal networks in an organization that use Internet and Web technologies
Enterprise network
Uses TCP/IP
Supports Web pages
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IntranetsIntranets
This is the newest type of network used within an organization to connect computers and networks within an organization by using hardware and software that is used on the Internet.
There may be times that a company wishes to share data with clients and to share in research partnering.
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Network SecurityNetwork Security
Firewalls
Virus protection
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) for encryption
www.mcp.com
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FirewallsFirewalls
A firewall looks at updated tables to see who is authorized to use the information.
A firewall keeps people from intruding on you network, if they do not have authorization to do so.
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Firewalls (Continued)Firewalls (Continued)
The system may use a multiplexor or a host, to look at structured information, such as the IP packet to confirm who you are.
A firewall looks at updated tables to see who’s authorized to use the information.
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Intranets and Access RightsIntranets and Access Rights
Perhaps, a company will want to share or transfer certain documents which could be confidential. Many times, these are files or documents made available only through Intranet.To ensure the safety of those documents, a company may put up a firewall. A firewall maintains a list of all the domains who can access certain resources.
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FirewallsFirewalls
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Home NetworksHome Networks
Connect multiple computers in a home
Shared Web access
Shared peripherals
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Home NetworksHome Networks
Home NetworksConnect multiple computers in a home
Shared Web access
Shared peripherals