Collins ICollins I5 lines5 lines

• Explain five characteristics that all Explain five characteristics that all living things shareliving things share– Use complete sentencesUse complete sentences

Study of BiologyStudy of Biology

What is Biology?What is Biology?

•BiologyBiology is the study of all is the study of all living thingsliving things

•Living things are called Living things are called organismsorganisms

•Organisms include bacteria, Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & protists, fungi, plants, & animalsanimals

All Living Things Share All Living Things Share Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics

1.1.Basic Unit is the Basic Unit is the CellCell

2.2.They They ReproduceReproduce

3.3.All Based On Universal All Based On Universal Genetic Code Genetic Code (DNA)(DNA)

4.4.Grow & DevelopGrow & Develop

Common Common CharacteristicsCharacteristics

5.5. Obtain & Use Materials & Obtain & Use Materials & EnergyEnergy

6.6. Respond Respond To Their EnvironmentTo Their Environment

7.7. Maintain A Maintain A Stable Internal Stable Internal EnvironmentEnvironment

8.8. AS A GROUPAS A GROUP, Living Things , Living Things EvolveEvolve, That Is They Change , That Is They Change Over TimeOver Time

Characteristics of Characteristics of OrganismsOrganisms

All Organisms are All Organisms are made of Cellsmade of Cells

Facts About CellsFacts About Cells•Cells are the Cells are the smallest living smallest living

unit unit of an organismof an organism•All cells contain living All cells contain living

material called material called cytoplasmcytoplasm•All cells are surrounded by a All cells are surrounded by a

cell membranecell membrane that controls that controls what enters & leaves the cellwhat enters & leaves the cell

More Cell FactsMore Cell Facts• Cells are complex Cells are complex

& highly & highly organizedorganized

• Cells have parts Cells have parts called called organelles organelles that do different that do different jobsjobs

e.g. Chloroplasts in e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make plants make sugarssugars

More Cell FactsMore Cell Facts• The simplest cells The simplest cells

are called are called ProkaryotesProkaryotes

• These cells These cells DO DO NOT have a NOT have a nucleus or nucleus or membrane-bound membrane-bound organellesorganelles

• BacteriaBacteria are are examplesexamples

More Cell FactsMore Cell Facts• More complex More complex

cells are called cells are called EukaryotesEukaryotes

• These cells These cells DO DO have a nucleus have a nucleus and membrane-and membrane-bound organellesbound organelles

• Plants, animals, Plants, animals, protists, & fungi protists, & fungi are examplesare examples

Organisms are Grouped by Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cellstheir Number of Cells

•Unicellular OrganismsUnicellular Organisms– Living Organism Made Up Of Living Organism Made Up Of

One CellOne Cell

• Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms– Living Organism Made Up Of Living Organism Made Up Of

Many, Specialized CellsMany, Specialized Cells

Organisms Reproduce to Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Pass on their Genetic

TraitsTraits

Two Types of Two Types of ReproductionReproduction

•Sexual Sexual ReproductionReproduction– Involves 2 Involves 2

parentsparents– Egg fertilized by Egg fertilized by

sperm to make a sperm to make a ZYGOTEZYGOTE

– Offspring Offspring DIFFERENT from DIFFERENT from parentsparents

Two Types of Two Types of ReproductionReproduction

•Asexual Asexual ReproductioReproductionn– Involves a single Involves a single

organism or cellorganism or cell– Cell dividesCell divides– Offspring Offspring

IDENTICAL to IDENTICAL to parentparent

Cells Have a Genetic Cells Have a Genetic CodeCode

Genetic CodeGenetic Code

•DNA DNA ((deoxyribose nucleic deoxyribose nucleic acidacid) carries the genetic code ) carries the genetic code for all organismsfor all organisms– All organisms contain DNAAll organisms contain DNA– DNA codes for the proteins that DNA codes for the proteins that

make up cells & do all the workmake up cells & do all the work

Organisms Grow & Organisms Grow & DevelopDevelop

Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development

• Organisms Organisms grow grow by producing by producing MORE CELLS & MORE CELLS & by cell by cell ENLARGEMENTENLARGEMENT

• Organisms Organisms developdevelop as they as they mature into an mature into an adult organismadult organism

Cells Require Food & Cells Require Food & EnergyEnergy

Food RequirementsFood Requirements

• AutotrophsAutotrophs can can make their own foodmake their own food

• PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs use sunlight to use sunlight to make food make food (photosynthesis)(photosynthesis)

• Chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as as iron & sulfur as their energytheir energy

Food RequirementsFood Requirements

•HeterotrophsHeterotrophs can NOT make can NOT make their own foodtheir own food

•They must consume other They must consume other organismsorganisms– Herbivores Herbivores eat plantseat plants– CarnivoresCarnivores eat meat eat meat– Omnivores Omnivores eat plants & animalseat plants & animals

MetabolismMetabolism

•Sum of all the chemical Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organismreactions in an organism

•All All require energyrequire energy

•SunlightSunlight is the ultimate is the ultimate energy for life on Earth energy for life on Earth

MetabolismMetabolism

•Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration – Cells releasing the chemical Cells releasing the chemical

energy stored in foodsenergy stored in foods

6O6O22 + C + C66HH1212OO66 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22OO

Organisms Respond to Organisms Respond to StimuliStimuli

•Organisms Organisms Respond Respond to to stimuli stimuli (Temperature, Water, (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) Food Supplies, etc.) In Order In Order To Survive & ReproduceTo Survive & Reproduce

HomeostasisHomeostasis• Keeping The Internal Keeping The Internal

Environment Environment ((Homeostasis) Homeostasis) of of The Cell or Organism Within the The Cell or Organism Within the ranges required for LIFEranges required for LIFE

• Stable internal conditions of pH, Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.temperature, water balance, etc.

Living Things EvolveLiving Things Evolve

• Groups Of Groups Of OrganismsOrganisms (Not (Not Individuals) Individuals) Change Over Time Change Over Time In Order To Survive In Order To Survive Within Changing Within Changing Environments.Environments.

• Fossil recordsFossil records show changes in show changes in groups of groups of organismsorganisms

Life is Organized on Life is Organized on Several LevelsSeveral Levels

Levels of Levels of organizationorganization

• AtomsAtoms

• MoleculesMolecules

• OrganellesOrganelles

•Cells –Cells – life starts here life starts here

• TissuesTissues

• OrgansOrgans

• SystemSystem

• OrganismOrganism

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