Post on 03-Feb-2022
9/22/2011
1
Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand Workshop
Calgary
September 21,
2011
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
For More information
Visit The OTS (Oilfield Technical Society) Heavy
Oil Science Center
Lloydminster
Visit www.lloydminsterheavyoil.com
References are on the CD
Visit www.kirbyhayes.com
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Kirby Hayes
runs his own company, Kirby Hayes Incorporated
(KHI), which represents several corporations offering
services and productions primarily involved in heavy
oil production
extensive background in cased hole wireline
has co-authored several technical papers, patent
applications, conducted seminars, short courses,
workshops and presentations on wide-ranging topics
of interest to heavy oil producers
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
4
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Integrated Production
Services
Recon
Petrotechnologies Ltd.
Wavefront Technology
Solutions Inc.
Ace Oilfield
Endurance
Technologies
Alberta Innovates
Technology Futures
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Thank you Presentation contributions: Ron Sawatzky, ARC
Bob Mottram, Weatherford
Rob Morgan, Harvest
Murray Tluchak, Bonavista
Ryan Rueve, Nexen
Floyd Isley, CNRL
Rick Walker, Devon
Jerry Schoenroth, Husky
Mike Kremer, Husky
Cedric Gal, CAG Consulting
Dave Love
John Newman
Janelle Irwin
Maurice Dusseault, U of W
Ace Oilfeild
Schlumberger
G-Chem
IPS
Wavefront
And others
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Outline
CHOPS – an overview
Perforating for heavy oil – the issues
Break
Alternate completions
Interventions examples
Lunch
Next steps prior to thermal or solvent EOR
processes
Interesting log examples
Discussion
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Cold Production
“Other things being equal, the maximum
recovery of oil from an unconsolidated sand is
directly dependent upon the maximum
recovery of the sand itself”
William H. Kobbe,
in Trans. A.I.M.E., Vol. LVI, pp. 799-830
February, 1917 (New York)
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
How Big Is It?
Canada & US consume ~ 20 MBOD
~ 2,600,000,000,000 barrels in place (heavy oil and oil sands) in Canada
If we achieve 30% recovery…
100% of current consumption for 100 years
So… why fight over Middle East Oil?
production problems are being solved
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Operating Costs
Co
st
per
Barr
el ($
)
Befo
re 1
990
CH
OP
S
CS
S
SA
GD
} }
cold + steam
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Recovery Efficiency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60 R
eco
very
(%
)
Befo
re 1
990
CH
OP
S
CS
S
SA
GD
} cold
}
+ steam
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Could we get there?
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
Jan-70 Jan-75 Jan-80 Jan-85 Jan-90 Jan-95 Jan-00 Jan-05 Jan-10 Jan-15 Jan-20
Pro
du
cti
on
(b
op
d)
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Technology is the Key
What are the technologies?
Thermal Processes
steam, SAGD, electrical heating
need to manage energy equation
Chemical Processes
solvent, upgrading
full value chain enhancement
Displacement Processes
enhanced floods water, polymer, chemical
Pink Smoke and Marbles???
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
35 Billion Barrel Resource
6.5% 2.1%
73.8%
17.6%
Cumulative Recovery Remaining Recoverable
Remaining Resource Incremental Technology Wedge
Slides courtesy of Rob Morgan, Harvest
The industry needs to improve recovery factors
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Heavy Oil & Bitumen Production
Western Canadian
Crude Oil Production
Production statistics at December, 2006 Sources: Alberta Dept. of Energy, NEB
Source Production (bbl/day)
Oil Sands Mining 760,000
Oil Sands In Situ 330,000
Conventional Heavy 500,000
(Cold Production) (230,000)
Conventional Light 500,000
TOTALS 2,190,000
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Deltaic Depositional Environment
The Mississippi Delta
A satellite photo of the Ganges Delta in India
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Exploration
In general exploration for CHOPS is easy in
Lloydminster
Best tool is offset mapping and production – high
existing well density lends itself to good mapping
3D seismic is the norm
Success rate is high (> 85%)
Large regional sands are dependable and predictable
Channels are a bit more tricky in terms of traps and
water content – but big prizes
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Heavy Oil Leases
There are three basic
configurations for a
CHOPS well
Vertical
Slant
Directional
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Producer PanCanadian Mobil Suncor Amoco Texaco
Formation Mannville Mannville Clearwater Clearwater Mannville
Field Lindbergh,
Frog Lake Celtic Burnt Lake Elk Point Frog Lake
Oil Saturation (%) 80 87 70-80
Gas/Oil Ratio
(std m3/m3) 10 5-11 11-15.2 10
Live Oil Viscosity
(mPa s)
3,000 to
10,000
1,200 to
3,000
40,000
(dead)
2,000 to
55,000
20,000 to
50,000
Pressure (MPa) 4 3.3 3.3 3.8 2.8-3.4
Permeability (darcy) 1.5-2.5 0.5-4.0 2.0 1.0-5.0
API gravity 12-14 12 11
Net pay (m) 14 3-5 20 11-14 4-11
Porosity (%) 32 33 34 34 33
Cold Production
Field Examples
Typical field oil production rates 5 – 25 m3/day
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Cold Production
Lloydminster-Area
Cold Production Blocks
Production statistics at December, 2001
Block
Producing
Well Count
#
Oil Production
(m3/day)
Avg Rate
per Well
(m3/day)
Lloyd 3,667 21,757 5.9
Lindbergh 1,322 8,348 6.3
Cold Lake 600 4,486 7.5
SW Sask 306 2,220 7.3
TOTALS 5,895 36,811 6.2
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Oil Viscosity (mPa.s)
Oil R
ate
(m
3/d
ay)
1 darcy 3 darcy
10 darcy 30 darcy
100 darcy 300 darcy
5 m net pay
2,500 kPa draw down
7 in wellbore diameter
200 m far-field radius
Effective Permeability
without
sand
with
sand
typical for
cold production
Cold Production
Oil Production Rate Estimates
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
CHOPS
Development of high permeability channels – “wormholes”
much greater reservoir access
Large, local drawdowns at ends of channels
high pressure gradients – gas exsolution
Substantial increase in oil rates
Successful commercial process
continued sand production
at cuts 0.5%
depth ~
400 - 600 m
thickness ~
2 - 7 m
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Example of a Wormhole on Surface
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Far Field Reservoir Drainage
Andrew Squires and Earl Jensen
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Stimulating Sand Production
Where does new failure occur?
In reservoir at tip of wormhole network enhances drainage
Near well at edge of cavity neutral or negative impact on inflow
Reservoir Near well
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Completion Objectives
To initiate sanding: Initial sand production
history of a well affects its long term productivity
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 360 720 1,080 1,440
Production Time (days)
Oil
Ra
te (
m3/d
ay
)
with
sand
without
sand
Cold Production
Field Oil Production Rates
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 360 720 1,080 1,440
Production Time (days)
Oil R
ate
(m
3/d
ay)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Sa
nd
Rate
(m
3/d
ay)
Field Oil Rates
Field Water Rates
Field Sand Rates
Field Behavior
Typical Good Well
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 360 720 1,080 1,440
Production Time (days)
Oil R
ate
(m
3/d
ay
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Sa
nd
Ra
te (
m3/d
ay
)
Field Oil Rates
Field Water Rates
Field Sand Rates
Foam Job for 6-33
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
07/11/19
99 9:36
07/11/19
99 14:24
07/11/19
99 19:12
08/11/19
99 0:00
08/11/19
99 4:48
08/11/19
99 9:36
08/11/19
99 14:24
08/11/19
99 19:12
09/11/19
99 0:00
09/11/19
99 4:48
09/11/19
99 9:36
09/11/19
99 14:24
Perc
en
tag
e R
eco
vere
d (
%)
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4
Achieved during a stable foam
operation on a new complletion
In 40 hours produced:
117m3 sand
222m3 oil
90m3 water
Aggressive Sand Production
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
inflow
Imposed p
matrix failure when: p pc
wormholes
filled with sand
wormholes
partially filled with sand
Sand Matrix Failure
Wormhole Growth
Sand and Fluid Transport
Stages of Development
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Tip of wormhole network to well
EITHER: Plug flow in filled wormholes
high produced sand cut
~ 20-40%
Mobile SandMobile Sand
Sand and Fluid Transport
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
OR: Stratified flow in open wormholes
low produced sand cut
~ 1-2%
Flowing Oil
Immobile Sand
Mobile Sand
Flowing Oil
Immobile Sand
Mobile Sand
Sand and Fluid Transport
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Field Predictions
Dynamic Wormhole Growth
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Wormhole Structure
20 cm 10 cm
wormhole cast after
removal
imprint left when cast
was removed
Tensile failure bands
loose sand
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Wormhole Configuration
Sand Pack
36 cm
80 cm
30 cm
Top
Orifice
Bottom
Orifice
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Wormhole Configuration
80 cm
30 cm
Top
Orifice
Bottom
Orifice
Sand Pack
24
cm
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Wormhole Configuration
44 cm
80 cm
30 cm
Top
Orifice
Bottom
Orifice
Sand Pack
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Critical Pressure Gradient
reduced by foamy oil expansion of gas bubbles
Growth Rate
increases with pressure gradient
Diameter
increases with drained region
open (sand-free) area likely less than 10 cm in
diameter
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Wormhole Growth
Interaction
wormholes compete for drainage
Darwinian behaviour some grow, some wither
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Sand Matrix Failure
Formation Strength
unconsolidated sand low cohesive strength 5 – 20 kPa
fines content increases strength
capillary pressure capillary cohesion
high oil viscosity dynamic strengthening
slight cementation substantial strength increase
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Field Implications
Operate wells at low enough pressure to allow
continuing sand production
Wormholes tend to grow first and
predominantly in weakest sand and toward
highest pressure gradient
Wormholes don‟t necessarily grow from each
perforation – dependant on sand strength
Wormholes usually stable
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
44 Petrovera, Elk
Point Battery
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Foamy Oil
Large numbers of
persistent gas
bubbles in oil
Generated by de-
pressurization of live
heavy oils
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Dissolved
Gas
Small
Bubbles
Connected
Bubbles
Large
Bubbles
Oil Phase Gas Phase Immobile
Bubble Growth and Gas Transport
Dynamic Partitioning
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Bubble Growth and Gas Transport
Microbubbles
Interconnected
bubble clusters
Small bubbles
( pore throat)
Flow with oil
Immobile
Free gas flow
Incre
asin
g t
ime,
and/o
r expansio
n
Large bubbles
( pore throat)
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Field Implications
Operate wells at low enough pressure to
obtain rapid local gas exsolution
Surprisingly high ultimate recoveries, due to
high apparent critical gas saturations
Large blasts of gas when growing wormhole
network and growing zones of interconnected
bubble clusters connect
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Conclusions Courtesy of Ron Sawatzky AITF
Gas Production
dissolved gas likely only source of produced gas for 2 wells
additional external gas source may exist in 2 wells
(petrophysics indicates source present, flow path uncertain)
Oil Production
reasonable rates can be maintained at fairly high producing GOR:
i.e. ~ 10-20 initial GOR
Draw Down
oil production rates and recovery enhanced by rapid draw down
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
When Cold Production Fails
Well
well bore sands off
Near well
perforation plugging
shale / coal failure collapse or blockage
casing failure
Reservoir
wormholes plug, collapse, stop growing
watering out
gas breakthrough
permeability reduction from fines, formation debris, wax precipitation and wasted solution gas
Important to understand for diagnosis
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Complex Flow
Phases - gas, water, oil , sand and solids
Variables
Mobility
Cuts - time
Viscosity (oil) – time – depth
Sources of water and gas in the drainage geometry
Sources (gas) – free or solution?
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Where Blockage Can Happen
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Debris Causing Blockage Material
Formation
Pyrite
Shale
Coal
Chert
Asphaltenes
Waxes
Complex sands, silts and
clays
Will probably re-occur
Other
Drilling mud
Cement
Perf debris
Possible to remedy with
workover/s
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Example of Debris
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Sand plugging, bridging and arching
From gravel pack literature: Tendency for bridging = k Dsand grain/Dgravel
Capacity for unrestricted flow = k` Dperf/Dsand grain
Dr.Tariq Schlumberger
Studies concluded ratios from 3:1 to 16:1 hole
size to flowing solid size
Coal
Can Be a water source, check offsets
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Carbonate Example
Note SP and Pe response
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Can be useful to identify shale collapse
Warning: GR is statistical… don‟t read too much
into subtleties if the logs show different character
- the borehole has changed (casing & cement)
Gamma Ray (GR)
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Compensated Neutron Log (CNL) Diagnostic Log
Note GR and N Porosity Differences
CNL Diagnostic Log
Open Hole Log
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Can be useful to identify coal shifts
Warning: N is statistical… don‟t read too much
into subtleties if the logs show different character
- the borehole has changed (casing & cement)
Cased Hole Neutron Logs (CNL)
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
50/50 Deep Penetrator(DP) / Big Hole (BH) or eXtra Big Hole (XBH)
Politically correct – why didn‟t you use …?
How thick is the cement sheath? – use
manufacturer‟s model to determine
penetration through the sheath – usually the
cement sheath is not that thick
Can you shoot through drilling fluid loss
damage?
Increased volume of traumatized zone?
Sacrifice of flow area
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Traumatized zone DP vs. XBH
XBH
DP
Damaged zone
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
A New (Better) Configuration Than 50/50
26 Shots Per Meter (SPM) – 20 XBHs and 6
DPs
1/3 DP by 2/3 XBH 26spm
Or
2:1
Less sacrifice of flow area
Consistent with production performance data
New - suppliers need lead time
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Penetration versus compressive strength
Steel
Rock
Unconsolidated
sand
Target Charge
< + -1000 psi
compressive
strength
Penetration increases
Jet dispersion increases - penetration decreases
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Casing and Cement Issues
Un-supported casing and cement is more likely
to fail
Do you perforate through collars?
Not recommended for thermal operations
Depends on how thick the zone is
many don‟t
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Overburden
Completely
failed region Probable
casing
failures
Current Trend Is Not To Shoot Through Collars
Do not perforate on the same
horizontal plane in environments
where this occurs
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Example of perforation damage to unsupported casing
Before After
No severe
damage
from
perforating
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Re-perforating Trends
Not popular ‟70s Bob Hayes “ Do we need more
holes or are we just shaking things up?”
Early ‟80s +- 10% successful
Mid ‟90s optimizations with PCPs – 90%
successful
2000 – casing and cement damage!!
2005 – missed pay and stimulation
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Perforating debris from a
127mm 6 meter 26 spm
DP / XBH gun
Debris magnets are
recommended
Perforating Debris
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77
Questions and
Discussions
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Extending Cold Production Applications
Stepping out from core heavy oil region NW ~ sands weaker, oil more viscous
SE ~ sands stronger, oil less viscous
Kuwait, Alaska, Venezuela, Columbia, Albania, Argentina
Broader variation in reservoirs heavy oil sands are not uniform
differences occur over many scales field to field
pool to pool
zone to zone
interval to interval
well to well
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Heavy Oil Completions
Can we throw out the cookie cutters?
Alternate cookie cutters (methods)
Methods specific to the reservoir
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
The cookie cutter:
Perforate aggressively under balanced Tight phasing, big hole, high shot density
Most of the zone
Rapidly clean out with Pump To Surface (PTS), bailer or put on production with a Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP)
Produce aggressively with PCP with as low as possible fluid level
30% of CHOPS wells fail
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Shale Spalling
Establish a buffer layer
Buffer Layer
De-pressurized shale from large draw
down causes tiny particulate shale debris
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Minimize shale spalling
Strategy for reducing risk
identify a buffer layer below shale to be not perforated
thickness of buffer layer may depend on thickness of
zone
maintain a conservative draw down and avoid well
bore trauma
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Shale Collapse
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Stable pillars
Casing Failure and Shale Collapse
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Casing Failure and Shale Collapse
Strategy for reducing risk perforate balanced or slightly under balanced
perforate less aggressively with no more than 120 ,180 or 0 phasing
slowly increase pressure draw down until production is initiated
produce at a constant draw down until risk of destabilizing near well region becomes small (i.e. wormhole network is growing away from well)
stable pillars harder to establish and maintain in thicker zones and are easy to establish between laminations
steady draw down propagates worm hole growth of the weakest sands
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Laminate pay example
$400k in rubble workovers
Shale
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Laminate Pay Collapse
4.0 m perforations -104 shots
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Laminate Pay Collapse
Extraneous water path
Fragmentation
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Laminate Pay Collapse
•17 SPM
•0 degree phasing
•Or just perforate the permeable lenses
Less density/number and fewer
vertical planes less break up of
shale laminations or alternate
perforating means
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Penetrators
Mill a 25.4mm window in casing
Drill a 25.4mm, 2 meter horizontal hole
Tool is controlled and activated by changing
circulation rates and presuures
Minimizes cement and shale fragmentation
Overcomes drilling and fluid loss damage
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Example #2
Penetrated 8 x 1” holes at 90o
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Example #2 Production
Well watered out
Discontinuous shale?
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Penetrator conclusions
Sustained production was achieved with a
minimum of holes and flow area
Proper clean up was achieved with chemicals
and 24 -36 hour PTS operations
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Cost Comparison Courtesy of Ryan Rueve, Nexen
Pump to Surface (PTS) (with Tubing Conveyed Perforating (TCP) vs Perforating While Foaming (PWF) (TCP)
PTS (4 days with Rig)
Rig (38 hrs) $13,680
Consultant $3,000
PTS Tool $2,500
Pressure/Vac $1,500
Total PTS costs $20,680
PWF (3 days with Rig)
Patented
Rig (29 hrs) $10,440
Consultant $2,250
Foam Unit $8,000
Pressure/Vac $2,200
Total PWF costs $22,890
Extra cost to PWF is approx $2,200. This is saved by less
workovers caused by sand in months after the completion. Costs not included above are: perforating, tubing, rods, pump, etc. These
items are the same in both scenarios.
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Nexen Cactus Lake Field
19 20
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T35
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R27W3R28
R27W3R28
Map Software by IHS Energy
Reservoir Properties
•Bakken/Basal Mannville
•~850 mKB (80m Sub Sea)
•Gravity: 16API
•Density @ 15ºC = 965kg/m3
•Viscosity @ 30ºC = 500cP
•Porosity: 30-33%
•Permability: 2,000-4,000 md
Located 130km South of Lloyd in
SK
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Sand Cut Comparison of PTS & PWF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
San
d C
ut
(%)
D1
6-
21
C9-
27
D7-
27
B7-
33
A8-
36
C5-
31
D5-
22
PTS
PWF
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Filtered data 3 vs 3 wells – first month
Average Monthly Oil Production for Fields By Completion
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Months Since Completion
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Mo
nth
ly O
il P
rod
uc
tio
n (
m3)
Nexen PWF Wells Nexen PTS Wells Offset Wells
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
31/09 PTS
9/22/2011
50
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
21/07 PWF
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Economics of more aggressive completions:
3 wells verses 3 wells for the 8 months after the
first month
The aggressive competed wells produced
4850 m3 more oil
9/22/2011
51
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Observations From Data
Take it with a grain of salt especially the filtered data
Excellent period of production
PWF wells are to the outside of the pool (good and bad)
PTS well 3.1 meters of perforations did quite well
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Perturbation
Definition: Positive or negative pressure change
Can be as minute as varying the hydrostatic head from reciprocating pumps
OR
As large as massive pressure changes from foaming and the use of propellants (i.e. 60 MPa)
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Pressure Perturbation Limits
Dissipates rapidly as it propagates from the
wellbore
Viscosity prolongs pressure rise and fall time
Friction losses occur along permeability
channels
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Average Daily CSE Sand Production / Well 25 Well Sample
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
1 2 3
Before During After
m3
Why Do Continuous Sand Extraction
(CSE) (CPTS) Pumps Produce More Sand
???
Drainage Geometry Conformance
9/22/2011
53
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
CSE surge pump CSES
Canadian Patent 2,232,948
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Overburden pressure Negative well bore pressure perturbation
De-stabilizing sand bridges
Perforation
or pore throat
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Overburden pressure
De-stabilizing sand bridges Positive well bore pressure perturbation
Perforation
or pore throat
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
CSES
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2
3 M
th C
um
ula
tiv
e M
3 o
f O
il
Before and After
Comparison of 8 Wells Showing Production 3 Mths Before and 3 Mths after Tool Installation
Includes 3 wells that
were Shut In Prior toinsertion
Avg 4m3/d
9/22/2011
55
Steady draw down worst case scenario
Drainage Geometry Conformance
Steady pressure gradient
Greatest pressure
gradient
at tip
Intact formation
Lower pressure gradient
laterally
more stability
Perturbed draw down
Drainage Geometry Conformance
Intact
formation
Intact formation
Fluctuating pressure gradient
9/22/2011
56
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Drainage Geometry Control
Perturbations conforms drainage
Steady draw down propagates worm hole
growth of the weakest sands
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Drainage Geometry Control
Perturbations conforms drainage
Perturbations dissipate rapidly
Employ immediately after completion
9/22/2011
57
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Continuous Sand Extraction with surge Tool (CSES) Applied on Completion – Drainage Geometry Conformance
Advantages Pumping equipment is capitalized
The pumps can economically rebuilt in extreme sand cut environments
The surge action enhances sand failure – conforming wormhole initiation and destabilises bridging
Needs to be applied upon completion Surge action only effects near well
Study in progress 3 new completions are being equipped with CSESs
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Example of Downhole Pressure Perturbation With CSES
9/22/2011
58
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Offset PCP example – 3.46m3/d average
Co
mple
tio
n P
CP
Pum
p C
ha
nge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
30
-Se
p-2
01
0
30
-Oct-
20
10
30
-No
v-2
01
0
30
-De
c-2
01
0
30
-Ja
n-2
01
1
1-M
ar-
20
11
BS
&W
(%
) &
Sa
nd
Cu
t (%
)
Pro
du
cti
on
An
d L
oa
d F
luid
(m
³/d
) Well 06D-20
Average production - 3.46m3/d
Gross Fluid (m³/d) Gross Oil (m³/d) Net Oil (m³/d)
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
CSES Applied on Completion – 7.33m3/d average 20% sand cut
Co
mple
tio
n
CT
U
CT
U
Pum
p C
ha
nge
CS
ES
CT
U
Pum
p C
ha
nge
P
CP
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
30
-Se
p-2
01
0
30
-Oct-
20
10
30
-No
v-2
01
0
30
-De
c-2
01
0
30
-Ja
n-2
01
1
1-M
ar-
20
11
BS
W (%
) &
S
an
d C
ut
(%)
Pro
du
cti
on
An
d L
oa
d F
luid
(m
³/d
)
Well 10B-20
Gross Fluid (m³/d) Gross Oil (m³/d) Net Oil (m³/d)
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
CSES Applied on Completion - 6.74m3/d avg 66 % sand cut
Co
mple
tio
n
Pum
p C
ha
nge
C
TU
CT
U
Pum
p C
ha
nge
Pum
p C
ha
nge
- T
em
p P
TS
Pum
p C
ha
nge
CS
ES
Pum
p S
erv
ice
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
31
-Ma
y-2
01
0
1-J
ul-2
01
0
31
-Jul-2
01
0
31
-Aug-2
01
0
30
-Se
p-2
01
0
30
-Oct-
20
10
30
-No
v-2
01
0
30
-De
c-2
01
0
30
-Ja
n-2
01
1
1-M
ar-
20
11
BS
&W
(%
)
Pro
du
cti
on
An
d L
oa
d F
luid
(m
³/d
)
Well 11B-20
Gross Fluid (m³/d) Gross Oil (m³/d) Net Oil (m³/d)
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Questions and Discussion
9/22/2011
60
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Pump Problems?
Bridging in tubing
Plug off at intake
Plugged off inflow
Bridging in the Annulus
Possible Solutions:
Plug off at intake Loading and continuous loading
Flush by
Scope flush by
Scope foam head
Service rig – circulate down, sand line bail , tubing bail or foam clean out
Charge/booster pump
Extended rotors
Paddle rotors
BHP landing Depth
Gizmo’s
Tail joints
Perforated joints
Perforated tag bars
Hollow rods
Hollow rotors
Multi intake PCPs
CSE – ETU through THIGK valves
Others?
Bridging in annulus Loading and continuous loading
Reciprocating tubing pumps
Coil tubing the annulus
Others?
Bridging in tubing Smaller ID tubing
Sand suspension chemicals
Loading and continuous loading
Flush by
Coil tubing clean out
Downhole gas separators
Others?
Inflow Blockage Loading
Chemicals
Stable foam stimulation
Scope foam head
Re-perforating
Circulating
Perforation wash
Bailing / swabbing
Sebree tool
Propellant stimulation
Abrasi-Jet, Penetrators
Reciprocating tubing pumps
CSES
Others?
9/22/2011
61
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Decline Rates for Diagnostics
Catastrophic
Mechanical
Shale collapse
Near well bridging
Hours to a week
Gradual
Loss of foamy oil drive
Flow impairment from
load fluid
Formation bridging
A week to months
Recon CHOPS Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Approaches to Cold Heavy Oil Production: Workover Practices and Strategies
March 15th, 2000
Tropical Inn – Lloydminster AB
M. Dusseault, K. Hayes, M. Kremer, C. Wallin
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62
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
The Tools Reviewed in the Workshop
Loading
Continuous loading
Circulating
Flushes and superflushes
Swabbing
Sand line bailers
Tubing bailers
Select perf washes and perf
cleaning
Coil tubing and CTU flushes
Pump to surface
Portable PTS
Continuous PTS
Re-perf
Chemical treatments
Propellant stimulation
Stable foam clean outs (tubing)
and stimulations
Coil tubing foam clean outs
Abrazi jet
Proppant/Hydraulic fracturing
Pressure pulsing
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Stuff Not Reviewed in the Workshop
Mechanical remedies list
Sebree tool
Scope tool
CTU/ flush units
Gas management
Sand management
CSE with surge tools
Balls checks for PTS
Others?
Completion strategies
Shale strategies
PAPWF
Delayed water
encroachment
Combined and staged
approach
Others?
9/22/2011
63
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Staged Approach
Minimize risk
Diagnose, confirm, determine the extent of the problem
Treat and evaluate treatment
Re-treat or attempt a different treatment
Evaluate
Produce with a different production strategy
Abort when necessary
Example: Severe Inflow Blockage Program (SIBP)
A work in progress
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Post Workover Production Strategies
Change production rates
Change pumping fluid level and/or annular
gas pressure
Change pumping equipment
Start or modify load program
And so on, and so on …
Congruent with workover strategy
9/22/2011
64
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
The Pitfalls:
Cookie cutters and magic pills
Without proper diagnosis, too frequently
Flush Production
Flavor of the week and trends
The lure of the latest and greatest
Successes – misplaced credit
Too rapid or slow application – tracking
Complacency
Changing too many variables
Lowered one servicing cost but increasing another
Wrong diagnosis – wrong conclusion (that doesn‟t work)
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
The 80/20 Rule
Spending 80% of the time working on
20% of the production
Can we make good wells better?
9/22/2011
65
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Canadian
Patent
2,232,948
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Positive well bore pressure perturbation
Intact formation
Dilation/failure by pressure
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Dilation/failure by pressure
Intact formation
Overburden
pressure
Negative well bore pressure
perturbation
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Negative Perturbations Naturally More Conformed
Energy
is virgin
reservoir
pressure
More and stronger
perturbations are better
9/22/2011
67
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Live Oil Viscosity
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Pressure (kPa g)
Vis
co
sit
y (
mP
a.s
)
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Loss of Solution Gas
Reservoir heterogeneity
Asymmetric drainage geometry from wormhole growth
Blockages caused by formation debris
Water and/or gas breakthrough
Casing venting during production interruption or production suspension
While producing the more mobile portions of the reservoir, the less mobile become more so
9/22/2011
68
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Viscosity increases Weakest sand
Oil and sand
production
Ex-solving gas Ex-solving gas
Near Well Bore Blockage
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Near Well Bore Blockage
Depleted Zone
Dead Oil
SCHMAG
Path of Least
Resistance and
That Is NOT
Where the
Problem Is
Treatment
Fluid
9/22/2011
69
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
SIBP Example – 11-23
Mid Oct „05 executed SIBP
Cutter stock was pulsed to treat SCHMAG
Fluid level rose
Foam circulation and surging produced debris and oil operation continued for 3 days
Installed CSES to de-stabilize debris and sand bridges
Producing 9 m3/d with 16 joints of fluid
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
OH GR Diagnostic GR
Diagnostic Logs for 11-23
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Production Data for 11-23
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Production Data for 11-23
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 1 2 3 4 5
Production Time (months)
Oil
Pro
du
cti
on
Ra
te (
m3/d
)
Post CSES
9/22/2011
71
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Another Staged Intervention C1-18
Chemicals were placed by a perf wash tool to
treat SCHMAG and left 7 days to soak
Sebree tool and bailing were used to remove
debris from the well bore and near well area
over a 2 day period
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Incremental Production for C1-18 During Intervention
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 3 6 9 12 15
Production Time (hours)
Cu
m O
il P
rod
uc
tio
n (
m3)
Equivalent Calendar
Day
Production Rate
32.8 m3/d
9/22/2011
72
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Production Data for C1-18
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 6 12 18 24 30
Production Time (months)
Oil
Pro
du
cti
on
Ra
te (
m3/d
)
Staged
Intervention
144
Questions and
Discussions
9/22/2011
73
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Chemical and/or fluid stimulation
Should be done with pressure perturbations
Enhances formation access
Adds energy to the reaction
Dislodges blockage mechanisms
Initiates particulate movement
Volumes should be relative to produced sand
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Odyssey Tool
9/22/2011
74
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Conventional Perf Wash Tool
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
148
Perf wash
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
149
Perf wash
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Just load chemical
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76
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Chemical placed with positive
perturbations
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
A Successful Odyssey Tool Job
13C-12-57-2: Production Rate of Oil/Water (m3) Versus Weeks from Before & After Usage of
Pulsating Pulse Powerwave Tool
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
# of Weeks (April 1/2010 - October 1/2010)
Pro
du
cti
on
of
Oil
/Wa
ter
(m3
)
Avg. Measured Oil (m3) Avg. Measured Water (m3) Linear (Avg. Measured Oil (m3)) Linear (Avg. Measured Water (m3))
Sparky Formation
Zone
Post Powerwave Oil & Water Production
Trends
Pre-Powerwave Oil &
Water Production
Trends
Stimulation Intervention
(Approx. @ Week 6)
9/22/2011
77
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
A successful perf wash Tool Job
9C-24-53-6: Production Rate of Oil/Water (m3) Versus Weeks from Before & After Perf Wash
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
# of Weeks (Aug 1/2010 - November30/2010)
Pro
du
cti
on
of
Oil
/Wa
ter
(m3
)
Avg.Measured Oil Avg.Measured Water Linear (Avg.Measured Water) Linear (Avg.Measured Oil)
Stimulation Intervention
(Approx. @ Week 2)
Sparky Formation Zone
Cum Oil After Intervention: 1179.01 m3
Cum Water After Intervention: 867.28 m3
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Odyssey Pulse Tool vs Perf Wash Tool Study
Definitions : Technical success: Sustained production for 3 months or the limit
of the data of at least half of prior peek production
Pay out success: Can not be an economic success if not a technical success and has sustained production for 3 months or the limit of the data of 1.5m3/d
Profitable success: Same as above but with sustained production of 5m3/d
9/22/2011
78
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Odyssey Pulse Tool vs Perf Wash Tool Study
All wells were relatively new (i.e. weeks to 2 months)
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Odyssey Pulse Tool vs Perf Wash Tool Study
Technical Fail Payout Fail Profitable Fail
Perf wash
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
7 1 1 1
8 1 1 1
9 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
12 1 1 1
13 1 1 1
14 1 1 1
TTl 5 9 3 11 1 13
36% 64% 21% 79% 7% 93%
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Odyssey Pulse Tool vs Perf Wash Tool Study
Odyssey Technical Fail Payout Fail Profitable Fail
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
7 1 1 1
8 1 1 1
9 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
12 1 1 1
13 1 1 1
14 1 1 1
15 1 1 1
16 1 1 1
TTl 14 2 9 7 4 12
88% 13% 56% 44% 25% 75%
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Odyssey Pulse Tool Different Well Set – older wells – public data
Old wells Technical Fail Payout Fail Profitable Fail
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
3 1 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
7 1 1 1
8 1 1 1
9 1 1 1
10 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
12 1 1 1
13 1 1 1
TTl 4 9 4 9 3 10
% 31% 69% 31% 69% 23% 77%
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Latest Study - ?
Started with Severe Inflow Blockage Program and Inflow and Production Impairments from Loss of Solution Gas in Cold Production - Sawatzky and Hayes
Chemical pill and chase fluid volume is relative to the produced sand (i.e. 20%) Combined intervention using Odyssey tool for chemical
placement and Sebree swab tool to re-establish solution gas drive.
2 wells done to date. The first has 2 weeks of 9.3m/d production with 38.5% BS&W with 13 joint fluid level to chase.
The second well operations were suspended due to extremely high sand cuts – a foam clean out is planned.
6+ jobs are in the works
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Loss of Solution Gas
Reservoir heterogeneity
Asymmetric drainage geometry from wormhole growth
Blockages caused by formation debris
Water and/or gas breakthrough
Casing venting during production interruption or production suspension
Under balance events during drilling and/or completions
While producing the more mobile portions of the reservoir, the less mobile become more so
9/22/2011
81
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Sebree Swab Stimulation on a Disposal Well
In 9hrs recovered 158m3 of water and 25m3 of sand
Prior injection was less than 300m3/d and inadequate
Currently the well is taking 400m/d on vacuum
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Sebree Swab Tool Current Initiative
Rigless Completions: Manage completion and
construction costs on new drills
To ensure inflow is established from problems such as low pressure, drilling damage and reluctant gas break out.
To enhance gas break out and conform sand failure; optimizing drainage geometry
9/22/2011
82
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Case History – Alberta Pressure Pulsed Water Flooding
0
50
100
150
200
250
01
/11
/06
01
/12
/06
01
/01
/07
01
/02
/07
01
/03
/07
01
/04
/07
01
/05
/07
01
/06
/07
01
/07
/07
01
/08
/07
01
/09
/07
01
/10
/07
01
/11
/07
01
/12
/07
01
/01
/08
01
/02
/08
01
/03
/08
01
/04
/08
01
/05
/08
01
/06
/08
01
/07
/08
01
/08
/08
01
/09
/08
01
/10
/08
01
/11
/08
Oil R
ate
(b
op
d)
- 3
Po
we
rwa
ve
Pa
tte
rns
Pattern 1 Oil Rate Pattern 2 Oil Rate Pattern 3 Oil Rate 2.6 %/mo Harm. Decl.
Decline Match Points Pattern 1 Powerwave Pattern 2 Powerwave Pattern 3 Powerwave
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Pulsed Polymer Flooding
Conventional water flooding is expanding to more viscous reservoirs
Pressure pulsed water flooding currently deployed in 500 – 1000cps reservoirs
CNRL‟s polymer flooding experience is economically successful up to 10,0000cps or greater
Pulsed polymer flooding will be able to increase flooding applications to - ?
Its possible to implement pulsed polymer flooding very soon
Pulsed polymer flooding is the least riskiest EOR option
Imagine pressure supported production in the CHOPS region
9/22/2011
83
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Enormous Drainage Geometries
after Andrew Squires and Earl Jensen
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
.
9/22/2011
85
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Gas Cap
“Extraneous” Water
Oil
Seal
“Extraneous” Water
Wormhole
Seal
FormationWater
Potential Water Sources in Oil and Gas Wells
9/22/2011
86
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time
100%
0%
% Water Cut
Progressive incursion of water
from non-producing zone
(formation "B") results in
intermediate compositions.
Formation "B"
Formation "A"Water Coning Trend
Water Incursion(Behind Pipe)
Water cut may
or may not increase.
Initial Production WaterComposition (Sw)
Mass-Balance equations may determine how
much of each water source is being produced.
Production Water Origin and Isotopic Changes with Time/ Source
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
HDD Examples 133 Samples Per Meter (SPM)
Demonstrates value for picking intervals to avoid
shale damage
Demonstrates the potential for exploiting oil over
water where vertical permeability impairments
exist – current works in progress Ex 4
Perfs 535 -538
Of interest 547 -550
vertical permeability
impairment may stop
bottom water?
Ex. 1
Mini Plot
9/22/2011
89
Perfs 525 – 527.5
Ex. 3
Of interest 534 -535
vertical permeability
impairment may stop
bottom water?
Mini Plot
Ex. 3
Perforated interval
9/22/2011
90
EX 4
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
EX 4
Permeability impairments
Proposed perfs
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
HDD Example 5
Demonstrates value for picking gas interval
permeability 442.3 – 442.5 over possible water
???
Demonstrates thin zone between carbonate
lenses at 447.2 – 447.7
Ex 5
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Ex 5
Proposed
perfs
Proposed perfs
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
High Resolution Example
Schlumberger high definition log
Demonstrates laminate cap rock
Example well had severe inflow blockage (see
pictures from intervention)
Perforations 446.0 to 452.0
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Normal Resolution
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
High Resolution
9/22/2011
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Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
A Completion Example
Proposed 8 meters of perforations
9/22/2011
95
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
A Completion Example High Definition Data (HDD) Log
Suggested 3.4 meters of perforations
Only shot 1.8 meters too much sand
inflow rigless operation
Well produced about 15m3/d
Recon CHOPS Workshop Calgary Sept 21, 2011
Top Water Example of Extreme Density Oil