Post on 19-Jan-2016
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOURISM
COLBOURNE COLLEGESADEKE SMITH
REGIONS OF THE WORLD
ANCIENT REASONS WHY PEOPLE TRAVELLED
SEEKING FOOD ESCAPING ENEMINES RELIEF FROM OVER POPULATION TERRITORAL EXPANSION FOR BARTER AND TRADE TO SATISFY CURIOSITY OF UNKNOWN RELIGION AND PILGRIMAGE
CURRENT TOURISM GROWTH “The substantial growth of the tourism
activity marks tourism as one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past century.” The number of international arrivals shows
an evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to an estimated 763 million in 2004
This is a growth rate of 6.5%
Chun-yang Wang & Maxwell K. Hsu. (2000)
The Tourist
TOURISMPROMOTERS
TOURISMSERVICES
SUPPLIERS
EXTERNALENVIRONMENT
TourOperators
TouristBoards
Meeting Planners
TravelAgents
DirectMarketing
Destinations
Attractions/Entertainment
Transportation
Food &Beverage
Accomo-dations
Society &Culture
Politics
Technology
Environ-ment
Economy
Integrated ModelOf Tourism
HISTORY OF TRAVEL & TOURISM - PRE-HISTORIC TRAVEL
Paleolithic Age (32,000 BC - 10,000 BC) – After Creation which was around 11,0000 BC)Forged Trails = Hunting (was this “tourism”?)Fire/tools (no animals)/shelter
HISTORY OF TRAVEL & TOURISM - PRE-HISTORIC TRAVEL
Neolithic AgeCritters & Sailing Vessels (4,000 BC’ish)The Wheel (3,500 BC) (China)Agriculture/stored (communities
exchanged)Coins (= light)ReligionTime of AbrahamMoses John the Baptist Etc.
- THE EMPIRE ERA
Egyptian Kingdoms (4850 – 715 B.C.)Government in centralized locationsUsed Nile (north = current, south = sails)
Greek Empire (900 – 200 B.C.)Use of a common language (Mediterr.)Currency ExchangeCity-States became attractions
Shopping, eat/drinking, gaming, sports, theater
EMPIRE ERA (CONT.) Roman Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 300)
Tourism for both middle class and wealthyGood roads (50,000 mile system)!
Appian Way Roman currency universalCommon legal system
Safety when travelling Inns (30 miles apart)
MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE Middle Ages (5th – 14th centuries)
Feudal System replaced Roman RuleFragmented Industry (now unsafe)
Money, language, transportation, etc. travel now difficult and dangerousCatholic Church began to gain power
stable/central force religious holidays
MIDDLE AGES - CRUSADES
Crusades (1096-1291)attempting to re-
gain the holy landexchange of ideas
ideas, and goods(desire is born!)
afforded less wealthy to travel
THE CRUSADES
The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to describe a Muslim during the time of the Crusades. The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont.
THE CRUSADES The Pope's preaching led to
thousands immediately affixing the cross to their garments - the name Crusade given to the Holy Wars came from old French word 'crois' meaning 'cross'. The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans.
PILGRIMAGES Pilgrimages (1200 to 1300)
religion/health = adventure and learningdestinations were born (accom. & food)arrested & beaten if not a “holy” mission
*search for a better way of life
MARCO POLO Marco Polo (1275 – 1295)
Mid. East to China 4 Languages Had wealth in gold Had access to transportation vessels
Family involved in the Navy and were merchants Had education Had “important” friends through family marriages
Safety and marketing were assured
1254-1324, from Venice, Italy Silk Road (began journey in 1271) His books detailing “the world” piqued
interest in travel amongst Europe’s elitists
THE RENAISSANCE ERA Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries)
The “Rebirth of Travel”!Kings & Queens had larger territories
Merchants could travel further (trade routes)Desire to learn and experience other
cultures is born! = The Grand Tour!
GRAND TOUR ERA!
Grand Tour (1500-1820) or (1613-1785)!Wealthy English started, later others (status)England - France – Switzerland – Germany -
ItalyMotivations
culture, health, pleasure, curiosity, science, career education, art & scenery
Lasted approximately 40 months (age 22 to 40)
New amenities formedTribulations = theft, alps, riversCarriage rentals, 1829 1st all-inclusive Industrial Revolution (1750) started downfall
THE GRAND TOUR! The itinerary was similar for all
London, England
Paris, France
Auxerre, France
Lugano, Switzerland
Pisa, Italy
Rome, Italy
Florence, Italy
Venice, Italy
Inssbruck, Austria
Munich, Germany
Amsterdam, Netherlands
THE MOBILITY ERA (1800 – 1944)
Growing economic prosperity = leisure time! Grand Tour gave way to family vacations spas were huge
Romanticism (1800s)= literature & arts urban bad, nature good (closer to God)
Transportation!! Coach system (mail), needed tie-ups/Inns
abusive (schedules, temp., physical) Water travel preferred (1840 Cunard) Trains (1830 in England), 1903 Wright Brothers Model T mass produced (1914)
COOK’S TOURS Made Group Tour a business (1841) Economics: Desire+Need+Motivation=$
$$ Services
Connections, tickets, timetables, currency exchange, travel guides, the tour
Introduced (1850 - 1920) Cook’s Coupons (pre-pay) Circular Notes (travelers’ cheques) Cook made world tourism affordable!
MODERN ERA – MASS TOURISM
2 World Wars = Technology & desire increaseAutomobile
Better Roads post WW1 = bungalow camps Post WW2
Mass produced, gas not rationed & prosperityAirplane
Lindbergh (1927), initially $$ 1958 = jet travel and economy class
Credit card (1950)Individual vs. Organized Mass Tourists
OTHER FACTORS
Leisure TimeCreation of the weekend (Upton Sinclair’s “The
Jungle)1938 Fair Labor Standards Act
Oil Crisis (mid 70’s) Tourism Policy
deregulation (1978), USTTA (1981) Technology Advances Theme Parks Peace Industry??
GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM
Physical Geography (features of earth)Landforms, H20, vegetation, climate, etc.
Human (cultural) GeographyLanguage, religion, dress, food, customs…= cultural norms/expectations
Regional Geography (study one area)Effects of climate, time of year, etc.
ie, Ski areas, wine regions, etc.
BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES
Marketing (4 P’s)Meeting the needs/desires of visitors Importance of segmentation
CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
Can growth & development occur w/o creating environmental problems?
How will technology effect tourism? As tourism grows, where will the workforce
come from? Will tourism change the social structure of
countries/communities?
REFERENCE Chun-yang Wang & Maxwell K. Hsu.(2000) The
Relationships of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: An Integrated Model
Americans Outdoors: The Legacy, The Challenge: The Report of the President's Commission, Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1987.
Burkart, A.J., and S. Medlik. (1975) The Management of Tourism, London: Heinemann.
Creating Economic Growth and Jobs Through Travel and Tourism: A Manual for Community and Business Developers, Washington D.C: U.S. Printing Office, 1981.
Cleverdon, Robert. (1985) International Business Travel: A New Megamarket, London: The Economist Intelligence Unit.
Curran, Patrick, H.T.(1978) Principles and Procedures of Tour Management, Boston: CBI Publishing Company.