Co2 ecounit

Folke Günther Holon Ecosystem http://www.holon.se/folke folkeg@gmail.com

Real climate mitigation – facts and fears

NumbersWhy emission reductions will not be enoughThe real problem: climate tippingsCarbon removal as a necessary complementChar as climate mitigationChar productionBiochar improves soil fertilityEconomic models

Content

Numbers and figures– 8 Gt carbon (C) (30 Gt CO2) annually– of which 2 Gt (estimated) is from deforestation– Current level: 390 ppm – 1 ppm CO2 = 2.12 Gt C– If there were no natural sinks:

3.77 ppm annual increase= 400 ppm well before 2020!

More numbers and figures

• 1 kg char buried = 3.67 kg CO2 removed• Half-life of charcoal in soils

Preston & Schmidt: 5 000 – 7 000 yearsLehmann: 2 000 – 3 000 yearsBird: > 100 years (grass wildfire, high oxidation)

• Half-life of biomass> 40 years (estimated)

Why emission reductions are not enough

Emission reductions only – is futile !

It is like cutting the branch – but slowering the rate !

6,417,84

390 ppm

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019

Assume a 20% emission reduction in ten years For the entire world!

Current CO2 concentration

Reduced emissions

6,417,84

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019Accu

mulation

Emissions

But, carbon dioxide accumulate in the air

Accumulated

413ppm

6,417,84

389ppm

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019

tratio

Emissions

Thus, even a bold emisson reduction will lead to a disastous increase in concentration

Numbers

Why emission reductions will not be enough

The real problem: climate tippings

Antarctic ozone Arctic summer sea-iceArctic permafrost (going on)Atlantic thermohaline circulation (NADW)El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)Indian summer monsoonSahara/Sahel and West African monsoonAmazon rainforestBoreal forestAntarctic Bottom WaterArctic ozone

Tipping points = the Humpty Dumpty effect

Tipping points:

Non-linear changes – a fast change, followed by a very long recovery time

The tipping level

Systems prone to tipping:

The CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere

Risk for tipping increase considerably over 350 ppm

ppm CO2

Tipping points of the global system, example: Arctic sea ice

Tipping level

The melting of the Arctic ice cap

– Tipping cause: Decrease of the ice-cap decreases albedo

more melting further albedo

decrease sweet water release– Possible result:

Sweet water from the polar cap close NADW

– Transition timescale: 10 years

No return

FGFGFGFG

Folke Günther Holon Ecosystem http://www.holon.se/folke folkeg@gmail.com FG

Numbers

Why emission reductions will not be enough The real problem: climate tippings

Carbon removal as a necessary complement

Assume, a radical emission reduction

This will not solve the problems

Numbers

Char as climate mitigation

By that, carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere.The process is called photosynthesis

/C(H2O)/n

When plants add solar energy to the carbon dioxide molecules,

carbon dioxide is converted into biomass

Carbon sequestration

However…

/C(H2O)/n /C(H2O)/n/C(H2O)/n

/C(H2O)/n

/C(H2O)/n /C(H2O)/n

After a century, or less, the biomass decomposes and releases the carbon dioxide again

It is like putting dirt under the carpet. It will reveal…

A radical emission reduction can solve the problems!

At this time,the CO2 levelstops rising !

1 Gtnet sequestration

if it is combined withcarbon sequestration !

Emission reductionCarbon sequestrationAtmospheric carbon

• A combination of – EMISSION REDUCTION– REFORESTATION

and– CARBON SEQUESTRATION with char

may solve the climate problems

However, this effort would dwarf the Chinese wall, the pyramides and the

first and second world war – together

If you convert biomass into charcoal

/C(H2O)/n

..and bury it into the soil..Carbon sequestration

Then, you have created a pathway for carbon dioxide into a semi-permanent storage

32 000 years old char !

Numbers

Why emission reductions will not be enough The real problem: climate tippings

Char production

Anila Biomass Gasifier StoveDesigned and built by Professor U.N. Ravikumar (Eng)

Mysore University, India

Biochar production

Raw Material Pyrolysis Charcoal

4 kg drywaste biomass

1 kg dryhard wood

Wood burnsfrom thetop down

When the wastebiomass reaches

360 deg Cit begin to release

gases and turninto charcoal

The Pyrolysis gasesburn hot and last for

more than 1 hour

At the end of theprocess , the biomass

has changed intoabout 1 kg charcoal

FGFGFG

Simple char making at homeFill the bucket with biomass

Put the bucket upside down in the barrel

A barrel And a bucket

Make a fire outside the bucket

The char is ready!

The pyrolysisgasses takes fireMore heat!

Biochar production

The savonius pyrolyser

FGFGFGFGFG

Lambiotte continouoscharcoal productionKiln

1000-Hour Demonstration of Hydrogen by Biomass Catalytic Steam Reforming and co-products (Completed May 17th 2007)

2007 Bio-refinery Conversion Project at University of Georgia

Danny Day, Eprida

Commercial Facilty in Blakely, Georgia

Biomass Conversion to Activated Carbon and Electricity

Danny Day, Eprida

Is there enough biomass for 2Gt?• Global cereal production: 2 Gt

– Straw: 2 Gt 0.5 Gt char• World wood fuel, 1.7 Gt pyrolysis burning

– 0.42 Gt char– paper: 0.3 Gt char

• Improved household burning by the poor (Pyrolysing stoves)– 0.4 Gt char

• Changed forestry and agricultural practice (5%)– 0.6 Gt Total: 2.2 Gt char

Numbers

Char production

Biochar improves soil fertility

Charcoal works as an adsorption lattice for micro-organsism and

nutrient particles

Biochar soils

1 gramme of well-made charcoal will have an inner

area of about 400 sq. meters

Biochar soils

Which means that one bag of barbeque char …will have an inner area of 1 sq. km!

Biochar soils

The plants seek contact with microorganisms

Richard Haard, February 12,

Charcoal after one year of application

Biochar soils

Charcoal addition to the soil provides nutrient and water storage for mycorrhizal fungi

Their hyphae invade charcoal pores and support spore reproductionOgawa Kansai Environmental

Charcoal is sought out by soil micro-organism

Fungi on New Char

Fungi on 100 Yr Old Char

Biochar soils

Effects of biochar• Improve moisture retention• Improve cation exchance ratio (NH3+)• Improve nutrient retention• Improve soil microlife• Improve soil (and compost) metabolism• ’Shelter’ microorganisms from predators• Improve soil structure, aeration & water

penetration (glomaline ’crumbling’)• Improve soil pH buffering and stability• Improve root development

• Humic acids are well known soil improvers– Char and humic acid complex are similar in

structure (which might explain similar effects)• The chemical surface of char attracts

cations (NH3+), and also anions (HPO4-) through ion bridges (Ca2+ )

• The physical structure of biochar works as a ’coral reef’, a micro-organism shelter

Humic acids (there are plenty!)

Complex of humic acids

Char structure

Oxisol(normal rain- forest soil)

Terra Preta(anthrosol: charcoal enriched oxisol, made by human activities)

Numbers

Char production Biochar improves soil fertilityEconomic models

If you want to emit net carbon dioxide:

Situation of today :

And you must buy an emission permit

You have to pay a tax

Tax and permitfund

$Payment

Permission

Emission

The PPEModel

(currently used)

The economist solution:Climate problems fromapproved carbon dioxide!

The arguments for biochar• The environmental argument

– Emission reduction is not enough, must be completed with carbon removal

• The chemical arguments:– Char is stable, an easy way to remove CO2

– Charring by-products: Heat and chemical raw material• The biological argument:

– Char improve the soils• The social argument:

– Charring stoves are healthier and not smoky

Is that enough?

Probably not

The arguments don’t speak to our immediate self-interest

To really get people’s attention,

you have to talk money

What about a fair carbon tax?

/C(H2O)/n

Sequestration

Validation

Payment

The SVPmodel

Another solution:Climate problems reducedby payment for sequestration!Alleviating:•Atmospheric CO2•Unemployment•Economy, if combined with emission tax•Global economic imbalance

An example1. A farmer may get 7.2 tonne per ha in seed

production2. That implies: 4 tonnes of straw3. Charring the straw gives 1 tonnes of char4. Assume a tax of 2.2 SEK/kg CO2 (Current) 5. 2.2 SEK/kg CO2 = 8074 SEK per tonne C6. Income 8 000 SEK extra per hectare

-- about the same income as from the seed !

Thank you!

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