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Food, Gender, Human Security, & Development
Jenkins MacedoMarissa GallantAriel Maiorano
Samuel Morrison
Course: Climate Change, Energy, and Development
November 8, 2013
Development & Climate Change
Marissa Gallant
What is sustainable development?
We have different views on progress
We disagree about climate change because we understand development differently
Challenges of Development
Source: http://www.krankyscartoons.com/Local_Archive.htm
Sustainable Development http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYbFYpH_Ex4
Reformist● Market environmentalism
● Ecological modernization
● Environmental populism
Sustainable Development Discourses
Radical● Neo-Malthusian
● Eco-anarchist
Source: www.treehugger.com Source: www.reason.com
Radical
vs.
Reformist
Climate Change and Poverty
Source: http://www.globalpovertyproject.com/infobank/climate_change
1. Eradicate extreme hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV, AIDS, Malaria etc.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
Millennium Development Goals
Sources: The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2013
Chinese government
○ One child policy since 1979
○ 300 million avoided births
○ 1.2 billion tonnes of CO2
emissions avoided
○ 5% of global emissions
MDGs may not be achieved with current levels of growths
What about basic human rights?
Climate Change and Population
Source; The Reporter, 2009
Does an unequal, unjust, and unsustainable world present serious obstacles to negotiating climate change that must be resolved first; or is climate change the most important issue to tackle?
How do we Proceed?
Source: www.alphabetics.info
A Gendered Analysis of Climate Change Vulnerability in Bangladesh
Samuel Morrison
Climate Change / Risks
Livelihood threats
Human health and safety threats
Gendered access to land and resources
Adaptation may contribute to or lessen inequality
Poor communities may represent especially vulnerable populations
women adversely effected.
Source: Andrew Biraj in Reuters, 2011.
Factors Affecting the Vulnerability of Women
Less acess to resources drought and deforestation make subsistence activities harder
More women in agricultural and informal sectors in the developing world.
Reprodouction and associatedvulnerabilities
Some customary norms prevent women from migrating
Women tend to be calorie deficient in the countries studied
Source: Dave Amit in Reuters, 2010.
International Legal Frameworks
2008 UN Human Rights Council Study on climate change and human rights
1992 UN Conference on the Environment in Rio de Janeiro
1992 Convention on Biological Diversity
Agenda 21 UN Conference on Humans and the Environment
UN General Assembly, Sept. 2007 National Plans of Action submitted by 30 of
the 50 LDCs
Bangladesh: A Case Study for Vulnerability
Widespread flooding, ciclones
Increase in rainfall from 8-15% by 2030
55% of Population lives within 100km of coast
80% of women live in rural areas
CIESN, 2007
Risks in Bangladesh
Female death rates higher after floods and ciclones
Water sources salinated
Death of livestock and crops
Limited acess to market as a result of infrastructure damage
Desturction of assets Source: Pushpa Kumara in Associeted Press, 2008.
Adaptive Capacity
Migration
Saving assets
Dietary adaptations
Energy saving technologies
Change agricultural practices
Source: Rafiq Maqbool in Associated Press, 2007.
Gender Dimension of Climate Change
Jenkins Macedo, ES&P ‘14
GENDER:
the state of being male or female(typically used with reference tosocial and cultural differences ratherthan biological ones).
Source: http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/kapparis/circles.jpg
WHAT IS GENDER?
Global Gender Gap Index
The Global Gender Gap Index:
World Economic Forum in 2006 as aframework:
captures the magnitude and scope ofgender-based disparities and trackprogress.
It benchmarks national gender gaps oneconomic, political, education, and healthcriteria.
It provides country rankings that allow foreffective comparisons across regions andincome groups, and over time.
It is designed to create greater awarenessamong a global audience of the challengesposed by gender gaps and theopportunities created by reducing them.
Global Gender Gap Index by Regions,2006-2012
Source: Global Gender Gap Report, 2012
HOW DO WE ADDRESS THEGENDER GAP
UN MDGsGoal 3:
• Promote Gender Equality & Women Empowerment
• Eliminate gender disparity inprimary and secondary education,preferably by 2005, and in all levelsof education, no later than 2015.
Sources: The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2013
Sources: The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013, United
MDGs 3: ANY PROGRESS? YES!
Global Gender Gap Index, 2012
Gender Inequality, 2012
Source: Global Gender Gap Report, 2012
WHY SHOULD CLIMATE CHANGE BE SENSITIVE OF GENDER DISPARITY?
Source: Women’s Environment and Development Organization, 2012.
Nilufar Ahmad (2012). “Are Women more vulnerable to Climate Change? How can Institutions help reduce
gender gaps in Adaptation program? Study findings from Bangladesh.” World Bank funded project (Source:
http://www.genderinag.org/content/feature-stories).
Senior Gender SpecialistNilufar Ahmad, a citizen of Bangladesh has worked on poverty, vulnerability, and social inclusion most of her life and is committed to social justice and equity. Her expertise includes empowerment, local governance, community driven development and participatory processes. She has facilitated partnerships with NGOs and other civil society organizations in South and East Asia for scaling up innovative practices within the World Bank's portfolio. She currently works in the Social Development Department based in Washington, D. C. as the senior gender specialist, supports and monitors the implementation of the Gender Action Plan within the Sustainable Development Network. She also supports local governance operations in South Asia, focusing on demand side accountability and enhancing the "voice" of the excluded groups. (Source: http://blogs.worldbank.org/team/nilufar-ahmad).
Flash Flood Prone
Drainage Congestion Prone
Control
Landslide Prone
Sea Level Rise Prone
Tidal Surge Prone
Cyclone Prone
Salinity Prone
Drought Prone
River Flood Prone
Source: Nilufar Ahmad, 2012 posted in http://www.genderinag.org/content/feature-stories
Women have less control over all types of capital, that reduces their adaptive capacity
sample – 420 women and 420 men.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Financial Capital
Social Capital
Human CapitalPhysical Capital
Natural Capital
Male
Female
Source: Nilufar Ahmad, 2012 posted in http://www.genderinag.org/content/feature-stories
Women face specific difficulties, more in urban areas sample -420 men and 420 women in rural . 180 men and 180 women in urban
0102030405060708090
100
Reduced foodconsumption
Children withdrawnfrom school
Suffered fromdiseases
Faced difficulty inwater collection
Faced difficulty infirewood collection
Faced difficulty inbathing andsanitation
Rural
Male
Female
0102030405060708090
100
Reduced foodconsumption
Children withdrawnfrom school
Suffered fromdiseases
Faced difficulty inwater collection
Faced difficulty infirewood collection
Faced difficulty inbathing andsanitation
Urban
Source: Nilufar Ahmad, 2012 posted in http://www.genderinag.org/content/feature-stories
Egalitarian norms in indigenous communities strengthen the adaptive capacity of women: supported by Rangamati data
(sample 420 women and 420 men)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Barguna
Coxs’ Bazar
Gaibandha
NetrokonaRajshahi
Rangamati
Comilla
Adaptive capacity ofmale
Adaptive capacity offemale
Source: Nilufar Ahmad, 2012 posted in http://www.genderinag.org/content/feature-stories
CLIMATE CHANGE & FOOD SECURITY
Ariel Maiorano
“Our Coming Food Crisis”
• Issue
– Unprecedented heat wave affecting Midwestern U.S.
– More water and energy input needed to maintain reasonable supply of crops
– Farms require crop insurance to compensate for product losses due to climate• Some farmers collected more money from federal insurance than
in profits in 2012
• Long-term technical and policy improvements could be made
“Our Coming Food Crisis”
Suggestions from author Gary Paul Nabhan:
Shift to perennial agriculture
Increased federal spending on native seed research for durable, profitable plant species.
Policy reform regarding private gray water management.
Local composting: urban-agricultural systems approach
• Biomass digester at Jordan Dairy Farm in Rutland, MA
• source http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/massdep/service/energy/program/clean-energy-results-studies-and-sucessess.html
• Video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1t67c82bf4
Agricultural Waste Digester Model
Source: http://www.epa.gov/agstar/news-events/digest/2012winter.html
UN Post-2015 Development Agenda
Comprehensive formulation and accountability framework in progress
DCF provides venue for dialogue between different actors.
UN Systems Task Team responsible for analytical work to inform the ECOSOC Council.
UN Economic & Social Council collects information to plan for, implement, and continue future development agenda
Source: http://www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/?m=200909&paged=2
UN News: Ban urges greater action in Africa to meeting anti-poverty sustainability goals
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announces release of Report Life and Dignity for AllDisturbed by
malnutrition and general disadvantage of women.
Expressed need for capacity building for women
Human development (anti-poverty)
Proposals for sustainable development goals contributed byUN Open Working Group
Citizen participants in global survey
Source: http://www.myworld2015.org/index.html?page=results
Discussion Questions
1. What factors contribute to climate change related vulnerability in Bangladesh and other parts of the world?
2. If we have a responsibility to mitigate ‘dangerous’ climate change, do we have authority to regulate population growth as China has done? Is this moral and just in the face of climate change or does it impinge upon our basic human rights?
3. What is the best route to sustainable development? Do you side with the radicals or reformists? Can climate mitigation efforts serve to alleviate poverty or do we first have to overthrow the capitalist world to make any headway?
4. Both articles discuss necessary political change in order to respond to climate change at an appropriate magnitude, and the Nabhan article suggests comprehensive technical solutions. Which approach (political or technical) is a more effective first step on a large scale?
5. What are benefits to long-term change like the UN Development Agenda is on a large scale? What are the benefits of small-scale technological or political solutions in a region?
6. Are “imperative” issues subjective? The My World Survey shows that all demographic groups value education over better healthcare, some value job opportunities over a transparent government, etc. What motivates people to value certain development goals over others for themselves?
7. What do you think causes the lack of interest amongst climate change scientists about the gender dimension of climate change?
The Gender Dimensions of Food and Nutrition Security in the context of Climate Change - YouTube
Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYv6XqPWnQE
Poverty & Equity Data | Home | The World Bank
Additional Resources
Bibliography
University of Florida. (2010). What is Gender? URL: http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/kapparis/Gender/LucianPrTexts.html. Accessed: 11/01/2013.
Hausmann, R., Tyson, L.D., and Zahidi, S. (2012). Global Gender Gap Report. World Economic Forum, Insight Report, URL: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf. Accessed: 11/02/2013.
United Nations. (2013). Millennium Development Goal Report. Compiled by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on MDG Indicators led by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, URL: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-english.pdf. Accessed: 11/02/2013.
UNICEF. (2007). Global: Evaluation Of UNICEF's Supply Function. URL: http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index_43416.html. Accessed: 11/04/2013.
Harris, R. (2012). Women Making the Case for U.S. Action on Climate Change. Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), URL: http://www.wedo.org/themes/sustainable-development-themes/climatechange/women-making-the-case-for-u-s-action-on-climate-change. Accessed: 11/05/2013.
EEA (2010). Projected impact of climate change on agricultural yields. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. Last modified September 5, 2011. URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/projected-impact-of-climate-change. Accessed: 11/06/2013.
Denton, F. (2002). "Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts, and Adaptation: Why does Gender Matter." Gender and Development 10(2): 10-20.
WEDO 2008. Gender, Climate Change and Human Security, Lessons from Bangladesh, Ghana and Senegal, Women's Environment and Development Organization.
Nilufar Ahmad (2012). “Are Women more vulnerable to Climate Change? How can Institutions help reduce gender gaps in Adaptation program? Study findings from Bangladesh.” World Bank funded project (Source: URL: http://www.genderinag.org/content/feature-stories Accessed: 11/06/2013.
Bibliography
Huffington Post. (2013). We Must Confront Climate Change to End Poverty. URL: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-yong-kim/we-must-confront-climate_b_3479531.html. Accessed: 11/06/2013.
New York Times. (2013). China’s Brutal One-Child Policy. Ma Jian. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/opinion/chinas-brutal-one-child-policy.html?_r=0. Accessed 11/06/2013.
Ecosocialism or Barbarism: There is No Third Way. Climate and Capitalism. (2012). Global Capitalism and Climate Change. Simon Butler. URL: http://climateandcapitalism.com/2013/03/05/global-capitalism-and-climate-change/. Accessed 11/06/2013.