Post on 12-Jun-2015
description
ByDr Tayphasavanh Fengthong
Director of Environmental Health DivisionDr Sivixay Thammalangsy
Director of Administrative Division
Climate Change and Health Adaptation Strategy in Lao PDR
The South East Asia Regional Workshop “ The Impact of Climate Change and Health”, 16-18 June 2009, Shangri-La Hotel,
Jakarta,Indonesia
Outlines
Country description
Relationship between climate change and health
Impacts of Climate change on different sectors in Lao PDR
Impacts of Climate change on Health in Lao PDR
What we have done so far?
The way forward
Thailand
Cambodia
Vietnam
China
Myanmar
Country description
Lao PDR is a land-linked country, and shares border with China, Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar.
Total area : 236,800 km2
Population: 5.62 mill Density : 24 p/sqkm
17 provinces including Vientiane Capital
Capita income USD 500 /c/y
Total fertility rate: 4.9%,
Crude birth rates: 41% Crude death rates: 16%,
Adult literacy rate: (F: 50%; M:74%)
Population growth rate: 2.5% per year
Life expectancy: 61 years (F: 63; M: 59)
Population leaving in rural area: 72.8%
47 ethnic groups, covering120 ethnic sub-groups and languages
11,000+ small villages and mostly with poor road access
Agriculture = 80% of jobs, mostly subsistence farming in remote areas
Country description
Relationship between climate change and health
Eyes (cataracts, etc.)Skin damage/cancer
Land cover (forest, etc)
Direct impacts
Thermal stress: death, disease events, injuryStorms, cyclones, floods, firesSea-level rise: physical hazards, displacement
Biodiversity changes, & ecosystem disruption
Changes in host species, vectors (mosquitoes, etc.)
Infectious disease risks
Food yields: nutrition and health
Human predation
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Poverty, slum, hygiene; physical hazards; infectious disease risks (mobility, density)
e.g. pollination
Avian ‘flu, Nipah virus, BSE, etc.
Land use
Water–sheds, systems Food-production
systems
Urbanisation; human settlements
Global Climate and Environmental Changespathways, health risks
Climate change
Immune suppression
Regional Weather Changes:
Heat wavesExtreme
weatherTemperaturePrecipitation
Health effectsTemperaturerelated illnesses and deathsExtreme weather eventsrelated healtheffectsAir pollution related healtheffectsWater and foodborn diseasesVector androdent bornediseasesMalnutritionMental health
Microbiological
economics
MicrobiologicalContaminationpathwaysTransmission
dynamicsAgro-ecosystemhydrology Socio-economics
demographics
Climate Climate change
ModulatingModulatinginfluences
Climate change and Health Impacts
Direct impact
Indirect impact
Impacts of Climate change On different sectors in Lao PDR
Vulnerability = (Magnitude, Exposure, Adaptive Capacity)
Why Lao PDR so vulnerable?
- High dependence on NR- Low adaptive capacity as LDC
A most recent study on climate change mapping for Southeast Asia, sponsored by the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA), ranked Lao PDR as a most vulnerable country.
Note: i) Unit = 1,000 tons; ii) CO2-eq = CO2 equivalent; iii) Conversion factors, 1 ton of CH4 = 21 tons of CO2-eq, 1 ton of N2O = 310 tons of CO2-eq.
GHG in1990CO2 CH4 N2O Total CO2-eq
Energy 414.90 22.70 0.12 928.80
Agriculture 0.00 271.27 0.00 5,696.67
LULUCF 16,628.67 29.50 0.20 17,310.17
Waste 0.00 11.43 0.00 240.03
Total 17,043.57 334.90 0.32 24,175.67
Agriculture sectorGHG in 1990
Land and Forestry changes
Trend of forests in Lao PDR
Released GHG in 1990
Energy sectorEnergy consumption Energy consumption by sector
Trends of energy consumption
Industry sector
Waste management sector• In 1990, CH4 released from landfill site and wastewater treatments equal to 11.20 and 0.23 tons with CO2eq = 2.4 mil tons (1% of National GHG released).
• There were only landfill sites in 5 big urban cities: Vientiane, Luangprabang, Thakek, Savannakhet and Pakse.
• In 2002, Cities in Vientiane Capital discharged yearly wastewater from industries = 8.22 mil m3.
Industrial Wastewater
1.4%2.5%
5.6%
90.5%
textile industrybeverage industrypulp & paper industrymeat processing industry
Annual Mean Temperature Trend in Major Cities for 1971 - 2007
24
25
26
27
28
29
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year
Tem
pera
ture
(Cel
sius
)
PakseSavannakhetVientiane CapitalVientiane ProvinceLuangprabangXayaboury
Temperature increased
Annual Mean-Maximum Precipitation Trend in Major Cities from 1971 - 2007 (mm in 24 hours)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Prec
ipita
tions
(mm
)
PakseSavannakhetVientiane CapitalVientiane ProvinceLuangprabangXayaboury
Flooding on July 2008 in Lao PDR, more than 200,000 people and 75,000 ha affected
Impact of climate change
ແຫ່ຼງຂໍ ້ ມູນ: ກົມແຜນການ, ກະຊວງກະສິ ກໍາ ແລະ ປ່າໄມ້ ປີ 2005
Impacts of Climate change On Health in Lao PDR
Health situations
Considerable progress has been achieved over the pastten years in improving the health system in the Lao PDR
which are Maternal, infant and under five infant mortality rates (MMR, IMR and U5MR, respectively) have dropped
significantly
MMR
IMR
U5MR
1995 2000 2005
656
104
170
530 405
82 70
106 98
Child and maternal malnutrition
The malnutrition rate in children under five in Lao PDR is very high compared to other countries in South East Asia and Asia in
general.
Almost two in every five children under age five in Lao PDR are moderately and severely
underweight (37.9 percent)
Stunting: 41.2% Wasting: 7.4%
13774
3968
3
9176
21
17638
63
3414
10
5495
13
6349
6
6853
17
4185
22
02000400060008000
1000012000140001600018000
Number
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Cases and deaths of DF, DHF and DSS by year from 200-2008 in Lao PDR
cases deaths
12440
520
2941
152042
31572
7
176110
2018
01886
2
2931
6
7444
7
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Number
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year
Cases and deaths of severe diarrhea by year from 2000-2008 in Lao PDR
cases deathsSource: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology
Department of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
Comparison of severe diarrhea from 2005-Œ2007
In 2005
2018 cases
02 deaths
In 2006
1886 cases
No death
In 2007
2931 cases
06 deaths
Source: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and EpidemiologyDepartment of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
343
3
1361
20
1237
0
1278
0
1846
7
1576
1
1868
0
1429
1
1736
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Number
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year
Cases and deaths of typhoid by year from 2000-2008 in Lao PDR
cases deathsSource: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology
Department of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
Comparison of typhoid from -2005 Œ- 2007
In 2005
1576 cases
01 death
In 2006
1868 cases
No death
In 2007
1429 cases
01 death
Source: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and EpidemiologyDepartment of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
799
4
899
0
959
1
790
1
878
0
1108
0
942
0
1103
0
1732
1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Number
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year
Cases ad deaths of dysentery by year from 2000-2008 in Lao PDR
cases deathsSource: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology
Department of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
296
8
239
1
615
0
300
3
334
0
1108
0
345
0
436
2
763
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Number
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
Cases and deaths of food poisoning by year from 2000-2008 in Lao PDR
cases deathsSource: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and EpidemiologyDepartment of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
394
3
366
2
451
0
382
2
391
3
488
0
453
0
644
0
966
00
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Number
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Year
Cases and deaths of hepatitis by year from 2000-2008 in Lao PDR
cases deathsSource: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and EpidemiologyDepartment of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
0 0 4 0
37
0
75
0
100
00
102030405060708090
100
Number
< 1 1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 > 15
Age group
Cases and deaths of hepatitis outbreak by age group in Vientiane Province, 2008, Lao PDR
Cases Deaths
83
0
53
0
42
0
30
0 4 0 1 00
102030405060708090
Number
Viengkham KeoOudom Phonhong Thoulakhom Hinheub Vanvieng
District
Cases and deaths of hepatitis outbreak by district in Vientiane Province, 2008, Lao PDR
Case Death
Source: Epidemiology Division, Center for Laboratory and EpidemiologyDepartment of Hygiene andd Prevention, Ministry of Health
What we have done so far?
Regional Weather Changes:
Heat wavesExtreme
weatherTemperaturePrecipitation
Health effects
Mental health
Health effectsTemperaturerelated illnesses and deathsExtreme weather eventsrelated healtheffectsAir pollution related healtheffectsWater and foodborn diseasesVector androdent bornediseasesMalnutritionMental health
MicrobiologicalContaminationpathwaysTransmission
dynamicsAgro-ecosystemhydrology Socio-economics
demographics
Climate Climate change
ModulatingModulatinginfluences
Evaluation of adaptation
Health specific adaptation measuresResearch
needs
Driving forces
• Populationdynamics
• UnsustainableEconomic
development
Natural causes
GHG emissions
Adaptivecapacity
Mitigative capacity
Mitigation measures
1.First National Communication on Climat Change-FNC (completed)
2.Technology need Assessment for Mitigating Greenhouse Gases (completed)
3.Public Awareness on Climate Change (completed)4.National Adaptation Programmes of Action-NAPA (On
going)5.National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) (On going) 6.Clean Development Mechanism –CDM (on going) 7.Second National Communication on Climat Change-SNC)
(Start implementation)
Projects under Projects under UNFCCCUNFCCC
88. Draft Policy/Strategy and National . Draft Policy/Strategy and National Environment and Health Action PlanEnvironment and Health Action Plan--NEHAPNEHAP
1.1. TWG on TWG on Air QualityAir Quality2.2. TWG on Water, Hygiene and SanitationTWG on Water, Hygiene and Sanitation3.3. TWG on Solid and Hazardous WasteTWG on Solid and Hazardous Waste4.4. TWG on Toxic Chemical and Hazardous SubstancesTWG on Toxic Chemical and Hazardous Substances5.5. TWG on Climate Change, Ozone Depletion and Ecosystem ChangeTWG on Climate Change, Ozone Depletion and Ecosystem Change6.6. TWG On Preparedness And Response In Environment Health EmergenciesTWG On Preparedness And Response In Environment Health Emergencies..
Draft National Strategy and Action Plan on Climate Change
Draft Strategy on Climate Change and Health Adaptation
Plan Implementation
NSCCC Chair
NSCCC Secretariat(DOE)
MPIVice Chair
WREAStanding Vice Chair
MAFVice Chair
Climate Change Office
8 TWGsMin. of Agriculture & Forest
Min. of Energy & MinesMin. of Public Works & Transport
Water Resources Environment AuthorityMin. of Planning & InvestmentLand Administration Authority
Min. of HealthMin. of Finance
UniversitiesPrivate sectors
International Organizations
TA
Vice Minister of Health
DOHP
EHD NEW HEC MC LEC
CD FDDPIDC
1. Finalize Draft Strategy on Climate Change and Health Adaptation:
– Educate and aware public and policy makers about climate change and health impacts including co-benefits with concerned sectors
– Enhance risk communication and management– Improve disaster public health preparedness,
planning and emergency response.– Undertaking vulnerability studies of existing water
supply and sanitation systems and ensuring that new systems are built to reduce vulnerability
– Strengthen food safety program
The Way Forward
– Enhance surveillance system– Conduct a study on health impact of climate change– Encourage active participation of concerned agencies to
mitigate climate change and Work in partnership with other agencies.
– Thermal stress management– Strengthen health care services at different levels
2. Disseminate and Implement Policy/Strategy and Policy/Strategy and National Environment and National Environment and ntHealth Action Health Action PlanPlan--NEHAPNEHAP
3. Disseminate National Nutrition Policy/Strategy and Finalize and Implement Nutrition Action Plan
The Way Forward