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Cellular Energy
Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy
Section 2: Photosynthesis
Section 3: Cellular Respiration
Transformation of Energy
Energy is the ability to do work.
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular Energy
Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
Section 1
Laws of Thermodynamics
First law—energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular Energy
Second law—energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.
Section 1
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food.
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular Energy
Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy.
Section 1
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in a cell
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell
Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
Section 1
ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular EnergySection 1
ATP
Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in two phases.
Cellular Energy
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions – Dark Rxns
Photosynthesis
Section 2
Phase One: Light Reactions
The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis.
Cellular Energy
Chloroplasts capture light energy.
Photosynthesis
Section 2
What’s Going on in a Chloroplast?
Electron Transport
Step 1 Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product.
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Section 2
Step 2 The excited electrons move from photosystem II to an electron-acceptor molecule in the thylakoid membrane.
Step 3 The electron-acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a series of electron-carriers to photosystem I.
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Section 2
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Step 4 Photosystem I transfers the electrons to a protein called ferrodoxin.
Step 5 Ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to the electron carrier NADP+, forming the energy-storing molecule NADPHNADPH.
Section 2
Metabolic Pathways
Catabolic Pathway•Releases Energy
•Breaks Down Molecules
Anabolic Pathway•Stores (Uses) Energy
•Makes Molecules
Cellular EnergySection 2
Short Version
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.
Section 2
Cellular EnergySection 2
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Step 1 Six CO2 molecules combine with six 5-carbon compounds to form twelve 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA.
Step 2 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA molecules to form high-energy molecules called G3P.
Section 2
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Step 3 Two G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds.
Step 4 An enzyme called rubisco converts the remaining ten G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called RuBP.
These molecules combine with new carbon dioxide molecules to continue the cycle.
Section 2
Cellular Energy
Photosynthesis
Alternative Pathways
C4 plantsFix carbon dioxide into 4 carbon compounds instead of 3.Keep their stomata closed during hot days.Sugar cane and corn
CAM plantsCrassulacean acid metabolismOnly allow CO2 to enter leaves at night when its cooler and humidPineapple plant, cacti, orchids
Section 2
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.
Section 3
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts.
Glycolysis
Aerobic respiration
Section 3
Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.
Section 3
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate.
The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.
Section 3
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
The net yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2.
Section 3
Cellular EnergySection 3
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Electron Transport
Final step in the breakdown of glucose
Point at which ATP is produced
Produces 24 ATP
Section 3
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Anaerobic Respiration
The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis
Two main types
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Cellular Respiration
Section 3
Cellular Energy
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
AnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
Chapter
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 1
A. Energy cannot be converted or destroyed.
B. Energy can be converted and destroyed.
C. Energy can be converted but not destroyed.
D. Energy can be destroyed but not converted.
Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy?
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 2
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
C. homeostasis
D. fermentation
In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water?
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 3
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter
A. NADPH
B. ATP
C. chloroplast
D. glucose
At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored?
1. A
2. B
FQ 1
Cellular EnergyChapter
Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy?
A. the first law of thermodynamics
B. the second law of thermodynamics
Section 1 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
FQ 2
Cellular EnergyChapter
Section 1 Formative Questions
All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun.
A. true
B. false
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 3
Cellular EnergyChapter
Section 1 Formative Questions
Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?
A. Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen.
B. Energy is converted from water to carbon
dioxide.
C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal
energy.
D. Energy is released by the breakdown of
molecules.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 4
Cellular EnergyChapter
Section 1 Formative Questions
A. It captures light energy from the sun.
B. It is produced in anabolic pathways.
C. It stores and releases chemical energy.
D. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy.
Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 5
Cellular EnergyChapter
A. chloroplasts
B. Golgi apparatus
C. mitochondria
D. vacuoles
Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
Section 2 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
FQ 6
Cellular EnergyChapter
Section 2 Formative Questions
A. 400-500 nm
B. 500-600 nm
C. 600-700 nm
Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 7
Cellular EnergyChapter
Section 2 Formative Questions
A. absorption
B. chemiosmosis
C. electron transport
D. C2 pathway
Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 8
Cellular EnergyChapter
Section 2 Formative Questions
A. They accelerate photosynthesis.B. They release more oxygen.C. They help the plant conserve water.D. They reduce the requirement for ATP.
How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway
an adaptive strategy for some plants?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 9
Cellular EnergyChapter
A. to make ATP
B. to process H2O
C. to store glucose
D. to deliver oxygen
What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
Section 3 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 10
Cellular EnergyChapter
Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration?
A. TCA cycle chemiosmosis glycolysisB. glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transportC. electron absorption catalysis
phosphorylationD. aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway
fermentation
Section 3 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
FQ 11
Cellular EnergyChapter
A. glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. electron transport
Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process?
Section 3 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
FQ 12
Cellular EnergyChapter
A. CoA
B. CO2
C. FADH2
D. NADH
Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product?
Section 3 Formative Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
CAQ 1
Cellular EnergyChapter
Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks?
A. grana
B. stroma
C. thylakoids
D. Golgi apparatus
Chapter Assessment Questions
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
CAQ 2
Cellular EnergyChapter
Chapter Assessment Questions
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound?
A. H2O
B. O2
C. CO
D. CO2
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
CAQ 3
Cellular EnergyChapter
Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP?
A. phosphate group
B. water molecule
C. ribose sugar
D. energy cells
1. A
2. B
STP 1
Cellular EnergyChapter
Which metabolic process is photosynthesis?
A
B
Standardized Test Practice
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
STP 2
Cellular EnergyChapter
Standardized Test Practice
At the beginning of photosynthesis, which molecule is split to produce oxygen (O2) as
a waste product?
A. CO2
B. H2O
C. C6H12O6
D. 3-PGA
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
STP 3
Cellular EnergyChapter
Standardized Test Practice
Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle?
A. 3-PGA
B. CO2
C. NADPH
D. rubisco
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
STP 4
Cellular EnergyChapter
Standardized Test Practice
Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds?
A. ADP
B. CO2
C. G3P
D. NADP+
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
STP 5
Cellular EnergyChapter
Standardized Test Practice
What is the final step of cellular respiration?
A. O2 and H+ form H2O.
B. Electrons and H2O generate ATP.
C. C6H12O6 is broken down into CO2.
D. NADH and FADH2 gain electrons.
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
STP 6
Cellular EnergyChapter
Standardized Test Practice
What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway?
A. a buildup of CO2
B. a lack of oxygen
C. an excess of glucose
D. an increased demand for ATP
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
STP 7
Cellular EnergyChapter
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not a process that occurs in both cellular respiration and glycolysis?
A. chemiosmosis
B. electron transport
C. glycolysis
D. production of G3P
Cellular Energy
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter
Cellular Energy
Image Bank
Chapter
energy
thermodynamics
metabolism
Photosynthesis
cellular respiration
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Cellular EnergySection 1
Vocabulary
Section 1
thylakoid
granum
stroma
pigment
NADP+
Calvin cycle
rubisco
Cellular EnergySection 2
Vocabulary
Section 2
anaerobic process
aerobic respiration
aerobic process
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
fermentation
Cellular EnergySection 3
Vocabulary
Section 3
Cellular Energy
ATP
The Calvin Cycle
Visualizing Electron Transport
The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Animation
Chapter
Cellular EnergyChapter
Cellular EnergyChapter
Cellular EnergyChapter