Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
Clean Coal Technology Developments & the move towards CO2 Capture
Dr John TopperIEA Clean Coal Centre, London
STEP-TREC Programme,Trichy, December, 2013
Membership status of the IEA Clean Coal Centre at October 2013
Italy JapanRepublic of Korea
UK
Glencore Xstrata
BHEL
Anglo American Thermal Coal
USA
S Africa
Austria
Canada
GermanyCEC
Beijing Research Institute of Coal
Chemistry
Australia
Coal Association
NZ
Eletrobras
SuekElectric Power Planning & Engineering Institute of China
Banpu
Poland
A centre of excellence for all aspects of clean coal knowledge
transfer
1. Coal Supply and Demand to 2035
2. Examples of Best Practice Today in Coal Fired Power
3. Efficient Clean Power Tomorrow?
4. Status of Carbon Capture
World Energy OutlookPublished by IEA November 2012
All views expressed are the speaker’s and not necessarily the IEA’s
IEA WEO 2012Incremental world primary energy demand
by fuel, 2001-2011
Total non-coal Coal
Mto
e
0
250
500
750
1 000
1 250
1 500
1 750
Oil
Naturalgas
Renewables
Since the start of the 21st century, coal has dominated the global energy demandpicture, alone accounting for 45% of energy demand growth over 2001-2011
IEA WEO 2012World primary energy demand by fuel
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
Oil Coal Gas Renewables Nuclear
Mto
e 2010
2035
Fossil fuels account for 60% of the overall increase in demand,remaining the principal sources of energy worldwide
3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000TWh
2 000
IEA WEO 2012A power shift to emerging economies
The need for electricity in emerging economies drives a 70% increase in worldwide demand, with China & India accounting for over half of the global growth
Change in power generation, 2010-2035
-1 000 0 1 000
Japan
European Union
United States
China
TWh
Coal Gas Nuclear Renewables
India
Countries with the largest populationwithout access to electricity in 2010
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Indi
a
Bang
lade
sh
Nig
eria
Ethi
opia
Indo
nesia
DR C
ongo
Paki
stan
Tanz
ania
Keny
a
Uga
nda
Mill
ion
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70% Developing Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cumulativeshare of globaltotal (right axis)
Over 95% of those without electricity are in developing Asia or sub-Saharan Africa & nearly two-thirds are in just ten countries (IEA WEO 2012)
Best Practice Today
Torrevaldaliga Nord
3 units at 660MWe = 1980MWe stationLow conventional emissions (NOx <100 mg/m3, sulphur oxides <100 mg/m3,
particulates 15 mg/m3, at 6% O2, dry); full waste utilisationHighest steam conditions: 604C/612C at turbine: 25 MPaOperating net efficiency >44.7% LHV Wet scrubber based limestone/gypsum FGDNOx abatement SCRParticulates removal Bag filtersNew sea port for coal deliverySolids handling all enclosed
USC, boilers supplied by Babcock Hitachi , using bituminous coal
Niederaussem K, Germany
Highly efficient lignite-fired plantOperating net efficiency 43.2% LHV/37% HHV High steam conditions 27.5 MPa/580C/600C at turbine; initial difficulties
solved using 27% Cr materials in critical areasUnique heat recovery arrangements with heat extraction to low
temperatures – complex feedwater circuitLow backpressure: 200 m cooling tower, 14.7C condenser inletLignite drying demonstration plant being installed to process 25% of fuel
feed to enable even higher efficiencyNOx abatement Combustion measuresParticulates removal ESPDesulphurisation Wet FGD
USC, tower boiler, tangential wall firing, lignite of 50-60% moisture, inland
Isogo New Units 1 & 2, Japan – highlights
Near zero conventional emissions (NOx 20 mg/m3, sulphur oxides 6 mg/m3, particulates 1 mg/m3, at 6% O2, dry); full waste utilisation
Highest steam conditions: 25.0 MPa/600C/610C at turbine: ASME CC 2328 steels in S/H; P122 for main steam pipework
Operating net efficiency >42% LHV/40.6% HHVEfficiency tempered slightly by 21C CW, fewer FW heating stages Dry regenerable activated coke FGD (ReACT)NOx abatement: Combustion measures and SCRParticulates removal: ESPIsogo New Unit 2 uses ReACT specifically for multi-pollutant control,
including mercury
USC, tower boiler, opposed wall firing, international bituminous coal and Japanese
coals, warm sea water
Huaneng Yuhuan 4x 1000MWe USC coal fired power plant
Sasan UMPP, Madhya Pradesh
Reliance Power, 6 x 660 MW supercritical units. 24.7 MPa/565/593
Plant connected to the grid in September 2012
HELE coal-fired power generation
What are HELE technologies? (HELE=high Efficiency Low Emissions)
Reduce non-GHG emissions Reduce CO2 emissions *Efficiency improvement*
Efficiency improvement reduces specific fuel consumption and also reduces specific pollutant emissions.
HELE CCS
Age distribution of existing power plants
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Before1950
1951-60
1961-70
1971-80
1981-90
1991-2000
2001-10
European Union
GW
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Before1950
1951-60
1961-70
1971-80
1981-90
1991-2000
2001-10
United States
GW
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
Before1950
1951-60
1961-70
1971-80
1981-90
1991-2000
2001-10
India
GW
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Before1950
1951-60
1961-70
1971-80
1981-90
1991-2000
2001-10
China
GW
Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass and waste Wind Other renewables
Ageing infrastructure is the challenge in many OECD countries. Emerging economies have a growing demand for electricity.
Decrease generation from subcritical Install CCS* on plants over supercritical
Increase generation from high-efficiency technology (SC or better)
Glo
bal c
oal-f
ired
elec
trici
ty
gene
ratio
n (T
Wh)
Supercritical
HELE Plants with CCS*
USC
Subcritical
*CCS (Post-combustion, Oxyfuel, Pre-combustion CO2 capture)
IGCC
Improve efficiency, then deploy CCS
* CCS fitted to SC (or better) units.
Three processes essential to achieve a low-carbon scenario
Shar
e of
CCS
(1=1
00%
)
Efficiency improvement
CO2
abatement by CCS
Share
of C
CS
Ave
rage
CO
2 in
tens
ity fa
ctor
in 2
DS
(g
CO
2/kW
h)
33% 34% 37% 42% 43%
Raising efficiency significantly reduces the CO2/kWh emitted.
Efficiency in 2DS
Impact of efficiency improvement on CO2 abatement
Data for hard coal-fired power plants from VGB 2007; data for lignite plants from C Henderson, IEA Clean Coal Centre; efficiencies are LHV,net
CO2 emission reduction by key technologies
Energy Efficiency makes big change but deep cuts of CO2 emission can be done only by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
>2030
but deep cutsonly by CCS
Average worldwidehard coal
33%1015 gCO2/kWh
38%881 gCO2/kWh
EU av hard coal
47%711 gCO2/kWh
State-of-the artPC/IGCC hard coal
50%669 gCO2/kWh
Advanced R&DHard coal
gCO
2/kW
h
Latrobe Valley lignite (Australia)
28-29.0%
1400 gCO2/kWh EU state-of-the-art lignite
43-44%
930 gCO2/kWh
55%
740 gCO2/kWh
Advanced lignite
The challenge of advanced USC
Nickel-based super-alloys will enable plant components to withstand temperatures of 700ºC and beyond.
Boiler tube/piping Steam turbine
rotor/shaft
Generator
~Boiler Steam turbine
700-760°C
700°C/ 30 - 35MPa 700-760°C
- Nickel-based super-alloys
- Ferrite/Austenitic alloys
Current state of A-USC technology
National programme
Steam temperature
Efficiency (LHV, net )
Programme start date
Demonstration plant operational by (size) Also includes:
EU 700ºC >50% 1998 2021 (500 MWe) Coatings, biomass co-firing, cycling
USA 760ºC 45-47% (HHV, net) 2000 2021 (600 MWe) Oxyfuel, coatings, high
sulphur coalJapan 700ºC >50% 2008 2021 (600 MW) Biomass co-firingChina 700ºC 46-50% 2011 2021 (660 MWe) -India 700ºC >50% 2011 2017 (800 MWe) -
India
China
Japan
USA
EU
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Timeline showing duration between programme start date and the planned date for an operational demonstration plant
The steam cycle is optimised for maximum efficiency.
Advanced lignite pre-drying in pulverised coal combustion
RWE Power Vattenfall
Moisture reduction important for some coals
Drax is a pioneer in biomass direct injection technologyNew 500MW co-firing facility is largest in the worldCapacity to co-fire >1.5m tonnes pellets per year
24
Drax Power in UK - 500MW Co-firing Facility
Puertollano IGCC power plant and pilot plant location
PRENFLO Gasifier
Coal preparation
Sulphur Recovery
Combined Cycle
New CO2 capture pilot
plant
ASU
Pilot plant general view
IGCC power plant general view
PSE-CO2 project : CO2 Capture Pilot Plant
Courtesy of Elcogas
http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/get-involved/in-focus/2013/10/global-status-ccs-2013
Number of global large-scale integrated CCS projects drops in 2013 10/11/2013 The number of global large-scale integrated carbon capture and storage projects (LSIPs) dropped from 75 to 65 in 2013, according to a report from the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute. The institute monitors the number of LSIPs as a method of tracking the progress of CCS developments and defines LSIPs as “projects considered to be at a suffi ciently large scale to be representative of commercial-scale process streams.” The report states 13 LSIPs have been removed from the institute’s list since 2012, with five of those being canceled, seven put on hold and one downscaled. Three LSIPs were added to the list, however, reducing, bringing the total number to 65. According to the institute, four projects have commenced operation since 2012, making a total of 12 CCS projects in operation, and two projects have commenced construction since 2012, making a total of eight projects under construction. Of the 65 projects identified by the institute, the U.S. has the most with 20, with Europe second with 15 and China third with 12. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently proposed a new rule that would limit CO2 emissions from new coal-fired units to 1,100 pounds of CO2 per megawatt-hour, which would require advanced emissions controls such as CCS. http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2013/10/number-of-global-large-scale-integrated-ccs-projects-drops-in-2013.html
GCCSI – Report 2013As reported in Power Engineering magazine
GCCSI – Summary Report 2013Contribution of CCS to CO2 emissions reduction
GCCSI - Summary Report 2013Costs of CO2 avoided in Power Sector
GCCSI – Summary Report 2013LSIPS Progress since 2010