Classification

Biological Species Concept

Species: populations of organisms having common characteristics and successfully breed with each other

3 Domains from common ancestry

Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Monera-Prokaryotes)

Domain Archaea (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes)

Domain Eukarya (4 other kingdoms- Eukaryotes)

5 Kingdoms (6 ?)

Monera ? Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Six Kingdoms Recently, biologists recognized that Monera

were composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

The Tree of Life Evolves

Changing Number of Kingdoms

Introduced Names of Kingdoms

1700’s

Late 1800’s

1950’s

1990’s

Plantae Animalia

Protista Plantae

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae

Eubacteria Archae-bacteria

Animalia

Animalia

AnimaliaProtista Fungi Plantae

Taxonomy of the Gray Wolf

MARINE BIOLOGY

Microbial World

Primary Producers How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

Starts with the producers (autotrophs) organisms that convert energy from the

sun or chemicals to produce food and other organic molecules

2 methods Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera)

Smallest and structurally simplest organisms.

Contain cell wall and cell membrane No nucleus or most organelles Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea

BACTERIA

I.D. by shapes- spheres, spirals and rods

Many are helpful in breaking down waste

Detritus-dead organic matter

Decay Bacteria break down waste products (detritus) and release nutrients into environment

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic Once known as

blue-green algae Also cause red tide

Archaea

Archaebacteria- Primitive form of life

Live in extreme environments Examples : Sulfur springs,

Hydrothermal vents

Chemosynthesis Bacteria use inorganic compounds

from within the Earth to produce carbohydrates

Locations: thermal vents and hot springs

Possible beginning of life

Metabolism

Autotrophs- make own organic compounds

Heterotrophs- obtain energy from organic matter through respiration (decomposers)-aerobic and anaerobic

Nitrogen Fixation- converting Nitrogen gas to ammonium, which is transformed into nitrate (used by primary producers)

Protist (Kingdom Protista)

A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.

Appeared on earth 1.5 billion years ago.

Classified by how they obtain nutrition.

Animallike Plantlike Funguslike

Plantlike Protist

Unicellular algae photosynthetic pigments Classify by the type of pigments they

contain (green, brown, or red-chloroplasts)

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria and Zooxanthellae), Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes

Red, Green, Brown Algae (but these are multicellular!)

Diatoms #1 unicellular frustule – glassy

shell The frustules

contain silica which cannot decompose

Yellow/brown- carotenoid pigments

Cold water primary producers

Diatoms

Cell wall forms “box like” structure.

Many have spines or ribs

Reproduction

Dinoflagellates #2 Unicellular w/ 2

flagella 50%

photosynthetic 50% heterotrophs Cell wall protected

by plates made of cellulose

Many are bioluminescent

Bioluminescence

Flashlight fish

Dinoflagellates

Photosynthetic, But many can also ingest food particles.

Reproduce by cell division Can cause Algae Blooms-Red Tide

Red Tide During a “bloom” of

organisms the numbers are so great that it turns the water red.

Some species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fishParalytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks.

If eaten can cause paralysis or death

Fish kills

saxitoxins (neurotoxins from dino’s causing paralysis)

As bacteria decompose the dead fish, more oxygen is used up causing more fish to die.

                        

                                  

Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-

parasiteslesions

Zooxanthellae

Photosynthetic brown dinoflagellates that provide food for their host organism (symbiotic with reef corals)

The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.

What type of relationship is this ? Examples of host organisms:

jellyfish, coral, and mollusks.

Euglenophytes #3 Plant-like protists They use two flagella

for movement Does not have a cell

wall Do have a cell

membrane called a pellicle

Finds sunlight by the use of a cluster of pigment known as the eyespot

Chrysophytes #4

Plantlike protists that contain gold colored chloroplasts.

Reproduce asexually and sexually Example: Yellow green algae Star-shaped internal silica skeleton

Animal-like Protists Protozoa- “First

animals” (protozoans)

Heterotrophic and ingest food like animals

Unicellular Phyla based on how

they move Zooflagellates,

Forams, Radiolarians, Ciliates, Sarcondina

Zooflagellates #1 Swim using

flagella Absorb food

through their cell membranes

Most reproduce asexually- binary fission

Some sexually - meiosis

Foraminiferans #2

Called forams Shell called test Chambers in the shell which get

larger as it grows TEST is made of calcium carbonate Contain pseudopodia-extensions of

cytoplasm used to trap diatoms for food

Foraminiferans

Radiolarians #3

Shells are made of silica and form sediments (ooze) covering ocean floor after settling

Most are microscopic but can form colonies up to 10 feet in length!

Ciliophora #4 Ciliates Named for cilia,

hairlike projections used for movement.

Found in freshwater and saltwater

Posses a thick outer membrane, the pellicle, that surrounds the cell membrane that gives the Paramecium its shape.

Nutrition of Paramecium

The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet.

The food is forced into food vacuoles Digestive enzymes break down the

food Undigested food is removed through

the anus

Internal Anatomy of Paramecium

Contain two nuclei A large macronucleus that controls

respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion.

A small micronucleus that controls reproduction and contains a reserve copy of genes.

Sarcondina #5 Amoeba Shape is

constantly changing due to flowing cytoplasm

By pushing the plasma membrane it is able to form feetlike projections to help it move- pseudopodia

Nutrition of Amoeba

Amoebas use part of the cell membrane called phagocytosis to surround its food to form a food vacuole.

The amoeba lives in fresh water ponds and eats algae and other protozoans.

Fungus-like Protists

Multicellular (some unicellular) Heterotrophs Decompose detritus Lichens- symbiotic w/ algae Slime Molds

Slime Molds

Recycle organic material

Cellular Slime Molds

Live as free living cells Form a slug-like colony that

functions as one organism. Releases spores for reproduction

Acellular Slime Molds

Begin as amoeba-like cells Eventually fuse together to form

plasmodia These structures can grow to 10 feet

in diameter

Plasmodium

Sporozoans

Parasitic protists Reproduce using sporozoites A sporozoite can attach itself to a

host and lives as a parasite.

Diseases Malaria: Caused by a sporozoan

Plasmodium The sporozoan is carried in the saliva of

the female mosquito The sporozoites enter the bloodstream

and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.

The red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream

2 million people die each year from malaria.

More Diseases

African sleeping sickness Amebic dysentery Giardia

Multicellular Plantlike Protists

Red, Brown, and Green Algae

Red Algae

Phylum Rhodophyta Largest group of seaweeds Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins- red

pigment Most multicellular Chondrus crispus- Irish moss

Brown Algae Phylum Phaeophyta Largest and most complex seaweeds Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin-

yellow/brown pigment Multicellular Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Fucus- Rockweed Sargassum Kelp

Giant Kelp

Kelp

                                               

                            

Kelp

Rockweed

Rockweed

Holdfast

Competition for space

Green Algae

Phylum Chlorophyta Cellulose in their cell walls Chlorophyll a & b Stores food as starch

Unicellular Green Algae

Chlamydomonas Lives in ponds, wet

soil, etc.

Colonial Green Algae

Spirogyra

Sea lettuce- Ulva

Human uses of algae

Seagrasses

Horizontal stems called rhizomes

Roots and shoots come from stems

Pollen carried by water currents instead of insects

Halophytes-salt-tolerant (salt marsh)

Mangroves

Trees and shrubs that live on tropical and subtropical shores

Thick leaves to reduce water loss

Seed germinate while still attached to parent tree

Pencil shaped seedlings that drop off

EXAM SLIDES

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