Post on 21-Dec-2015
Taxonomy- the field of science that classifies life into groups
Systematics- studies diversity of life
It is the study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history
Five kingdom system:
Monera Protista FungiPlantae Animalia
Six kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Protista FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Three domain system:
Eu-bacteria
Archae-bacteria
E U K A R Y A
Eight kingdom system:
Eu-bacteria
Arc
hez
oa
FungiPlantae AnimaliaArchae-bacteria
Ch
rom
ista
Pro
tist
a
Biological Kingdoms
Classification: Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
E. coli Cyanobacteria
Paramecium Diatom Slime mold
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)
Primary Grouping Criterion
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cellular complexity
Other Grouping Criteria
Single-celled vs. multicellular
Mode of nutrition
absorption
photosynthesis
ingestion
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
Note: Criteria can overlapNote: Criteria can overlap
Other Grouping CriteriaMode of Reproduction
sexual
asexual
Respiratory System
gas exchange across skin
lungs
gills
Other Grouping Criteria
Skeleton
internal/external
bone/cartilage/chitin…
Circulatory System
none
open/closed
Age of Systematics
Flair for creative simplicity
1700’s
Carl Linnaeus
Incurable classifier
2 word names:“binomial nomenclature”
Common names
Confusing
Ambiguous
Scientific names
Agreed upon system
Names
• Portuguese Man-of-War
• Bluebottle
• Physalia physalis
Commemorate People• Gardenia jasminoides (Dr. Alexander Garden)• Camellia japonica (Joseph Kamel)• Strelitzia reginae (Queen Charlotte
of Mecklenburg-Strelitz)• Siegesbeckia orientalis (Dr. Siegesbeck)
Geographic Location
• Kuhlia sandwicensis (Hawaii)• Periplanata americana
(American cockroach)• Zosterops japonica (Japanese white-eye)
Pronunciation
Divide into syllables
Choose where to place emphasis
Mon/a/chus schau/in/slan/di
Hawaiian Monk Seal
Monachus schauinslandi
Humor in naming
Agra vation by Terry Erwin
a tropical beetle that was apparently very difficult to collect.
(Agra cadabra, Agra katewinslettae, Agra memnon, Agra sasquatch)
Heerz lukenatcha. http://www.curioustaxonomy.net/puns/puns.html
Keep
Plates
Clean
Or
Family
Gets
Sick
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Pomocentridae
Amphirprion
ocellaris
Example of Coral Classification
Example of Coral Classification
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria
Class AnthozoaOrder Scleractinia
Family FungiidaeGenus Fungia
Species scutaria
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria
Class AnthozoaOrder Scleractinia
Family FungiidaeGenus Fungia
Species scutaria
The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria
The Mushroom CoralFungia scutaria
Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
SubspeciesMight interbreed if a barrier or other challenge was removed (such as distance).
Hawaiian endemic snails (kahuli)
Kingdom Monera
Species number low (~17, 000)
Changing as we learn more
Two Divisions
Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)
Archaebacteria
Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic
Single-celled
Diverse energy types:
Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteriaPhotoautotrophic- cyanobacteriaHeterotrophic- E. coli
Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).
Asexual reproduction
Kingdom Monera
Eukaryotic
Generally single-celled; if multicellular, cells not organized into tissues
Heterotrophic & autotrophic forms
Kingdom Protista
~ 45,000 species
3 informal groups
Plant-like (algal) protists
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Kingdom Protista
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Plant-like Protists
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae
Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus
Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeEukaryotic
Multicellular organisms
True tissues.
Photoautotrophic nutrition.
Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues.
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls.
Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic
Generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular).
Nutrition:
Heterotrophic
Saprophytic (absorptive)
Kingdom Fungi
Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories.
Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms, marine fungi
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular organisms
True tissues.
Heterotrophic nutrition
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion.
Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.
Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
AnnelidaEchinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Calcaria
Class Desmospongia
Purple and yellow tube sponge
Boring sponge
Class Sclerospongia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
CoralsAnemones
HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War
Stinging LimuFire Coral
True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
More than 500,000 known species
chitons Snailsnudibranchs
clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus
Three main parts:
• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most of the
internal organs
• Mantle cavity- houses gills
Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Cone shell
Triton’s trumpet
Cowery Opihi
periwinkle
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum trilobita
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Uniramia
SubphylumCrustacea
trilobites Horseshoe crabSea spidersspiders
Crabs KrillShrimp LobsterIspod amphipod
InsectsMillipedesCentipedeBeetles
Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
Most species; 80% are insects
Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)
Circulatory system with blood, heart
10,000,000? species
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Banded coral shrimp
Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab
Anemone carrying hermit crab
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Astroidae
Class Ophiuroidae
Class Echinoidae
Class Holothuroidae
Class Crinoidae
Sea stars Brittle stars
Crinoids
Sea urchins Sea cucumbers
Phylum Echinodermata
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion
Simple nervous system, no brain
Water-vascular system
Phylum Echinodermata
Tube feet & associated plumbing
Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food
Water Vascular System
Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Echinometra mathaei
Colobocentrotus atratus
Echinothrix calamaris
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin
Phylum Chordata
SubphylumUrochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumVertebrata
tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods
Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Calcaria
Class Desmospongia
Purple and yellow tube sponge
Boring sponge
Class Sclerospongia
• No true tissues or organs• No symmetry• No nerves or muscles• Sessile• Reproduce sexually and asexually• Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or SiO2
spicules or spongin• Filter feeders
Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of:
• spongin fibers• calcareous spicules• silica spicules• a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal
structure at all
• A few species of fish• seaslugs • hawks bill and loggerhead turtles
• Can use toxins to ward off predators
• Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals.
• As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
CoralsAnemones
HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War
Stinging LimuFire Coral
True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps
Subclass HexacoralliaOrder Antipatheria
Black Coral & Wire Coral
Wire coral
Black coral
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Blind digestive cavity
Bilaterally symmetrical
Thin, simple circulation
Sensory organs at front
Many parasitic
10,000 species
Pseudoceros dimidiatus
Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus
Pseudoceros ferrugineus
Pseudobiceros sp.
Planocera cf. oligoglena
Phylum NematodaRoundworms
Primitive body cavity
Gut & Anus
No circulatory system
Nervous system
Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem
Many are parasites500,000? species
Spaghetti worms
Sabellastarte sanctijosephi
Fireworm
Fan worms (feather duster)
Eurythoe complanata
Christmas tree worm
Spirobranchus giganteus
Lanice conchilega
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
More than 500,000 known species
chitons Snailsnudibranchs
clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus
Three main parts:
• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most of the
internal organs
• Mantle cavity- houses gills
Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Cone shell
Triton’s trumpet
Cowery Opihi
periwinkle
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Phylogeny of Arthropods
Arthropoda
Worm-likeAncestor
Trilobites(extinct)
Annelids(worms)
Onychophorans(worms w/legs)
Chelicerates(spiders)
Crustaceans(lobsters)
Insects(butterflies)
Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
Most species; 80% are insects
Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)
Circulatory system with blood, heart
10,000,000? species
Phylum Arthropoda
Banded coral shrimp
Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab
Anemone carrying hermit crab
Crustacea
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Astroidae
Class Ophiuroidae
Class Echinoidae
Class Holothuroidae
Class Crinoidae
Sea stars Brittle stars
Crinoids
Sea urchins Sea cucumbers
Phylum Echinodermata
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion
Simple nervous system, no brain
Water-vascular system
Phylum Echinodermata
Tube feet & associated plumbing
Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food
Water Vascular System
Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Echinometra mathaei
Colobocentrotus atratus
Echinothrix calamaris
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin
Classification
Phylum Chordata
SubphylumUrochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumVertebrata
tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods
Characteristics
• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)
Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes
Characteristics• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve• Swim bladder• Lateral line• Homocercal tail• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Class Osteichthyes
Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold
3,500 species
Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
6,500 species
Class AvesClass Aves
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell
Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones