Civil Rights: Equal Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under LawJustice Under LawCivil Rights: Equal Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under LawJustice Under Law

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Goals & Objectives1. Diversity & Discrimination.2. 14th amendment and Equal

Protection.3. Federal Civil Rights Laws &

Affirmative Action.4. American Citizenship.

Diversity and Discrimination

• George Orwell’s: Animal Farm– Social Darwinism vs. Equality?

• The concept of Equality vs. Freedom

• The concept of Equality vs. Liberty• The concept of Equality vs. pursuit

of happiness

1984: A must read

Race Based Discrimination

1. African Americans: Slavery, Segregation, Jim Crow Laws

2. Native Americans: Broken Treaties, Dept. of Interior (Reservations)

3. Hispanic Americans: 1. Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban,

South & Central American

2. Refugee: def.

Race Based Discrimination

4. Asian Americans:

--Assimilation: def.

--Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

--Gentleman’s Agreement (Japan)

--Bollinger Cases (2003)

5. White Males:

--Affirmative Action limitations

Discrimination Against Women

Seneca Falls, New York: 1848, begins women’s movement

1920: 19th amendment, Right to Vote 1964: Civil Rights Act 1963: Equal Pay Act “Mommy Track” Glass Ceiling: def

Equality Before the Law

1. Equal Protection Clause: 1. 14th and 5th amendments

2. Legal Government Discrimination Today1. Affirmative Action:

2. Set-Aside Contracts:

3. Progressive Taxation:

2. How and Why do we Discriminate?

African or Black Americans

1. 2nd largest minority (14%)

2. Slavery & Indentured Servitude1. 13th 14th 15th Amendments

3. Jim Crow & Segregation1. Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)

2. Brown vs Board of Education (1954-1955)

Slavery to Jim Crow

Native Americans or Indians

1. 1500-1700’s: Wars, Disease

2. Appalachian Expansion & Treaty violations.

3. 1803 Louisiana Purchase & Treaty violations.

4. 1850-1890: Indian Wars

5. Apache Wars

6. Seminole Wars

7. 1924 Citizenship for Native Americans

8. 1973 Standoff at Wounded Knee (AIM)

Wounded Knee 1890-1973

Hispanics, Latinos, Mestizo, Mulatto, Chicano, Puerto Ricans, Cubans

1. Hispanics may be of “any” race.

2. Hispanics are largest minority group.

Mullatos & Hispanics

Asian Americans

1. Assimilation:

2. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

3. Gentleman’s Agreement:

4. Fastest growing minority population

5. Various: cultures, religions, languages, traditions with little commonality

Indian Asians & Chinese Asians

Equality Before the Law

1. Reasonable Classification: Gov’t drawn distinctions between people in order to “regulate” people and human behavior.

1. Criminals: Gov’t may discriminate against criminals rights.

2. Smokers: Gov’t may tax smokers but not non-smokers.

2. Rational Basis Test: prevent teen pregnancies goal

1. Michael M. vs. Superior Court 1981

1. Statutory rape: Calif. 19-20 man & 17 or under female: Male=Prison; Female=Free

Equality Before the LawEquality Before the Law

2. 2. The Strict ScrutinyTestThe Strict ScrutinyTest::

Orr vs. Orr 1979: Orr vs. Orr 1979:

--Alabama Case involving --Alabama Case involving alimony: Alabama awarded alimony: Alabama awarded females onlyfemales only

--Violates Rational Basis Test--Violates Rational Basis Test

Segregation in AmericaSegregation in America

1.1. Jim Crow Laws: Jim Crow Laws:

2.2. Plessy vs. Ferguson Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896: separate-1896: separate-but-equal doctrinebut-equal doctrine

3.3. Brown vs. Board of Education Brown vs. Board of Education 1954: 1954: 1.1. Reverses segregation based upon race in Reverses segregation based upon race in

public schools.public schools.

2.2. 19551955: Brown Decision: : Brown Decision: integrationintegration: : Unconstitutional court actsUnconstitutional court acts

Integration & Civil RightsIntegration & Civil Rights

1964 Civil Rights Laws1964 Civil Rights Laws: ends the : ends the “unconstitutional” acts of the court to “unconstitutional” acts of the court to integrate.integrate. Alexander vs. Holmes County Board of Alexander vs. Holmes County Board of

Education 1969Education 1969

Types of Segregation

De Facto: By custom or

tradition or choice Private or Club

License Busing: Swann vs

Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Ed. 1971

De Jure: By Law—

Segregation Brown vs. Board

Classification by SexClassification by Sex• Classification by sex is not in and of

itself unconstitutional.1. Bradwell vs. Illinois 1873: Court upheld State

law banning women from the practice of law.2. Hoyt vs Florida 1961: Women not required to

serve on juries.3. Reed vs Reed 1971: Court struck down state

law giving males preference over mothers in the administration of children’s estates.

4. U.S. vs Virginia 1996: women admitted into VMI.

Federal Civil Rights Laws

1. Civil Rights Act 1957, 1960, 19642. Civil Rights Act 19683. Voting Rights Act: 1965,1970,19824. Affirmative Action

1. Regents of Univ. Calif. Vs. Bakke 19781. Reverse Discrimination: define

2. The Michigan Cases: 1. Gratz vs. Bollinger2. Gritter vs. Bollinger

Affirmative Action 1963

1. All federal agencies.2. All state and local governments.3. Private employers who sell goods or services to

the federal government. 10% quota rule:1. United Steelworkers vs. Weber 1979:companys

allowed to promote non-whites with less seniority or skill.

2. Fullilove v Klutznick 1980: Court upheld quotas & established Set-Aside Contracts:

Affirmative Action & Ballot

1. 1996: Proposition 209: no preferential treatment to any person based upon race, sex, color, ehtnicity or national origin. 1. Federal District Court: ruled

unconstitutional2. 9th Circuit Court: overturned decision3. Supreme Court: refused to hear an

appeal.

American Citizenship

1. 14th amendment: Defines citizenship two ways:

2. 1. Jus Soli: born

3. 2. Jus Sanguinis: blood

Native Americans citizenship 1924?

Rules of Naturalization

1. 18 years of age

2. Entered the country legally, lived in U.S. 5 years

3. File petition for naturalization

4. Be literate in English language (speak)

5. Good moral character.

6. Knowledge and understanding of principles of American Government

7. Take oath to renounce any allegiance to any foreign power and promise to support and defend the U.S. Constitution and laws of the U.S. against all enemies foreign and domestic.

Collective NaturalizationCollective Naturalization“en masse”“en masse”

Florida: 1819Florida: 1819 Alaska: 1867Alaska: 1867 Louisiana: 1803Louisiana: 1803 Texas: 1845Texas: 1845 Collective Naturalization: Collective Naturalization:

Loss of Citizenship

1. Expatriation: 2. Denaturalization:3. Deportation:

Immigration Restrictions:

1. 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act2. 1885: Immoral persons and

anarchists.3. 1921-1924: Immigration Acts4. 1929: National Origins Act: assigned

each European country a quota5. 1952: Immigration & Nationality Act6. 1965: Abolished quota system

Present Immigration Policies

1. Limitations: criminals, diseased, drug abusers & addicts, illiterate, mentally disturbed

Deportation: Delmore vs Kim 2003: illegals may be

jailed and held without bail or bond.

Present Immigration Laws

1. 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act: 1. One-year amnesty program for illegals.2. Crime to hire anyone knowingly illegal.

2. 1996: Illegal Immigration Restrictions Act: 1. Easier to deport illegals.2. Penalties for smuggling:3. Doubled the size of Border Control4. Illegal to obtain welfare benefits.