0

Civil Engineering

The infrastructure of the Chesapeake Bay is constantly trying to keep up with population growth in the area. Climate change creates the additional challenge of sea level rise and more frequent severe storms. Designing and building new systems as well as maintenance of existing structures, requires innovative solutions. Communities and entire cities are increasingly at risk from more frequent extreme weather events.

1

Port of Baltimore

TheriseofBal-morefromasleepytowntradingintobaccotoacityrivalingPhiladelphia,Boston,andNewYorkbeganwhenDr.JohnStevenson,aprominentBal-morephysicianandmerchant,beganshippingflourtoIreland.

Bytheearly1800’smillsalongtheJonesFallswereproducingover80%ofthesailclothinthecountry.Inaddi-on,60flourandgristmills,57sawmills,13spinningandpapermills,6foundries,and3powdermillswerelocatedonstreamsneartheCity,andshipyards,brickkilns,copperandironworks,andglassfactorieswerebuiltalongtheshorelineoftheharbor.Inthe1830Bal-morehadbecomethesecondlargestcityintheUnitedStates.[hRp://planning.bal-morecity.gov/sites/default/files/History%20of%20Bal-more.pdf]

DuringtheRevolu-onaryWar,Bal-morebuiltthemostmaneuverableshipsintheworld.TheseshipswereabletopenetrateBri-shblockadesandoutrunpirates,privateers,andtheRoyalBri-shNavy.

TheCityofBal.morearound1834asseenfromFederalHill[www.bal-morecity.gov/sites/default/files/5_History.pdf]

2

Port of Baltimore

From1850to1900Bal.more’spopula.ongrewfrom169,000tooverhalfamillion.Bal.more’svibrantanddiverse

neighborhoodsevolvedtoaccommodateaconstantinfluxofimmigrants.MorethantwomillionimmigrantslandedfirstinFellsPointandtheninLocustPoint,makingtheCitysecondonly

toNewYorkasanimmigrantportofentry.[MarylandHistoricalSociety,Bal-more,Maryland]

AttheendofWorldWarII,Mar.n-MarieUa,wasturningoutthousandsofairplanesayear,andattheCur.sBayandFairfieldshipyardsanoceanfreighteradaywaslaunched.ShownhereistheS.S.Mari.meVictory

launchinginMay1945(photographbyA.AubreyBodine)[MarylandHistoricalSociety,Bal-more,Maryland]

3

Tidewater Area Ports

Ocean-goingshipshavestoppedatVirginiawharvessincethefirstEnglishcolonistsarrivedin1607andanchoredatJamestown.Earlytradeinvolvedimpor-ngcolonistsandmanufacturedgoodsfromEngland,includingclothinganditemsmadeofiron.Virginiaexportedrawmaterialssuchassassafras,deerhides,lumber,andespeciallytobaccotoEurope.[www.virginiaplaces.org/transporta-on/shiptransport.html]

Jamestownwasthefirstportforocean-goingshipsinVirginia[Na-onalParkService,"Jamestown-SidneyKingPain-ngs,"Arrivalof

LordDelaware]

Yorktown,Virginia,Embarka.onforWhiteHouseLanding,Virginia,Photographfromthemaineasterntheaterofwar,thePeninsular

Campaign,May-August1862.[www.theatlan-c.com/photo/2012/02/the-civil-war-part-1-the-places/100241/]

4

Tidewater Area Ports

AgerWorldWarII,theci-esofNewportNews,Portsmouth,andNorfolkeachbuiltamunicipally-ownedshippingterminalusinglocaltaxrevenuesandprofitsfromterminalopera-ons.ThedeepshippingchannelstoNorfolk,Portsmouth,andNewportNewshelpedaRractthelargeshipsthatcarriedthemostcontainers.[www.virginiaplaces.org/transporta-on/shiptransport.html]

NewportNewsMarineTerminal(NNMT)[VirginiaOfficeofIntermodalPlanningandInvestment]

PortsmouthMarineTerminal(NNMT)[VirginiaOfficeofIntermodalPlanningandInvestment]

Aircra]carriersdockedattheNorfolkNavalBasearereadilyvisibletopeopledrivingacrosstheHamptonRoadsBridge-TunneltoWilloughbySpit(inbackground)[CNICNavalSta-onNorfolk]

5

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal

The14-milelongC&Dcanalconceivedduringthe17thcenturytoreducethe300-miletriparoundthecoastofDelawareandMarylandandincreasetheeconomicviabilityoftheregion.Theroutethatwaschosenini-allyrequiredasystemoffourlocks.By1927,thecanalhadbeenconvertedtoasea-levelopera-on.

Construc.onunderwayin1921tocreatethesealevelcanal[delmarvahistory.wordpress.com/2008/08/11/opening-the-modern-chesapeake-

and-delaware-canal/]

Thefirstcanalwasonly10feetdeepand66feetwide.In1954,Congressauthorizedexpansionofthechannelto450feetwideand35feetdeep.[www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Chesapeake-Delaware-Canal/Canal-History/]

6

Conowingo Dam

Conowingoisoneofthelargestnon-federalhydroelectricdamsintheUnitedStates.Construc.onofthedamonthelowerSusquehannaRiver,inDarlington,Marylandwascompletedin1928.[www.exeloncorp.com/loca-ons/power-plants/

conowingo-hydroelectric-genera-ng-sta-on]

TheConowingoDamprojectbegancommercialopera-onin1928.Thefinalproductwasaconcretefacilitythatis4,648feetinlengthandrises104feetabovetheriverbed.Theaverageannualgenera-onis1,800,000MegawaR-hours,enoughtoprovideserviceto300,000homes.[web.archive.org/web/20060224225818/hRp://www.mdhc.org/resources/lshgreport.pdf]Thedamisatabout92percentcapacityforsedimentstoragewithnocurrentplantopreventspillageintotheBay.[www.usgs.gov/news/conowingo-dam-above-90-percent-capacity-sediment-storage]

Thebuildingofthecofferdam,intheSusquehanna,toholdbackthewaterastheybuildtheintakestructure.[rep5355.com/2013/07/25/the-susquehanna/]

7

Chesapeake Bay Bridge

Thecomplexityofthefirstbaybridgeconstruc.onprojectwasclear.Itincludesseveraldifferenttypesofbridgingdesigns,andcurvesoutfromSandyPointtocrosstheshippingchannelatarightangle.

PhotographbyJosephA.DiPaola/TheSun[www.capitalgazeRe.com/news/annapolis/ph-ac-cn-retro-annapolis-

bay-bridge-pg-20170404-photogallery.html]

TheChesapeakeBayBridgeatSandyPointwasopenedtotrafficin1952agerdecadesofstudyonwheretoplaceit.Annualtrafficvolumesnearlydoubledinthefirstdecade.Trafficvolumesduringoff-peakornormalperiodsarewithinthepresentcapacityofthepresentfacility.Lately,however,weekendtrafficduringthesummermonthshasbeenprac-callytwicethedailyaverageforthemonthandgreatlyexceedsthecapacityofthefacility.[www.roadstothefuture.com/Chesa_Bay_Bridge_History.html]

s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/21/e8/38/21e8387069206b9798ad6ba64338f099.jpg

8

Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel

BigDwasaspeciallydesignedsteam-poweredpiledriverthatcouldstabilizeitselfthroughfour100-foot-legsthatrestedonthebayboUom.[www.dailypress.com/features/history/dp-nws-chesapeake-bay-bridge-

tunnel-50th-20140414-story.html]

Followingitsopeningin1964,theBridge-Tunnelwasselectedas“TheOutstandingCivilEngineeringAchievement”bytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.TheBridge-Tunnelisuniqueinthenumberofdifferenttypesofstructuresitincludes.Inaddi-on,construc-onwasaccomplishedundertheseverecondi-ons,includinghurricanesandnor’easters.[www.cbbt.com/about-us/history/]

9

Cove Point LNG Terminal

AboatpassesDominionResources’plaformatitsCovePointliquefiednaturalgasplant.Thecompanyplanstosendout85LNGtankersayear.(photographbyDave

Harp)[www.bayjournal.com/ar-cle/plan_to_export_liquefied_gas_at_cove_point_divides_community]

DominionEnergyisconstruc-ngliquefac-onfacili-esforexpor-ngliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)atitsexis-ngCovePointTerminalontheChesapeakeBayinMaryland.CovePointwouldbethefirstLNGexportfacilityontheU.S.EastCoastandonlythesecondintheLower48states.

Thefacilitywasoriginallycer-fiedin1972fortheimpor-ngofLNGbuteconomicfactorsmadethisunviableagertwoyearsofopera-on.

Theliquefac-onfacili-esareexpectedtobeonlinelatethisyear.Oncetheexportprojectiscomplete,thefacilitywouldbebidirec-onal,offeringimportandexportcapability.[www.naturalgasintel.com/ar-cles/110016-dominion-cove-point-on-track-to-be-first-us-east-coast-lng-exporter]

10

Shoreline Development

ChesapeakeBayshorelinedevelopmentinurbanareasdatestopost-colonial-mes,butupun-lWorldWarII,mostoftheseareaswereusedforagricultureorweresimplymanagedasruralareas.AgerWorldWarII,residen-aldevelopmentalongtheshorelinesofChesapeakeBaybegantoincrease..Theincreaseddevelopmentaddedpressuretouplandbanksthatwerealreadypronetoerosion.[www2.vims.edu/seagrant/vasg-pubs-pdfs/shoreline.pdf]

SixtypicalshorelineprofilesaroundChesapeakeBay.Thestabilityofthebankfaceisdependentuponthewidthandtypeofshorezonefeatures.Widebeaches/dunesandmarshzonescanoffersignificantwaveprotec.onevenduringstorms.(Meanhighwater(MHW),meanlowwater

(MLW),and100-yearstormsurgeeleva.on.)[www2.vims.edu/seagrant/vasg-pubs-pdfs/shoreline.pdf]

11

Unimproved Beaches

Unimprovedbeachshowingsubmergedaqua.cvegeta.on(SAV)[dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly

%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf]

s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/a1/11/73/a11173cc79aa9f2c5247b646b45224fc.jpg

Submergedaqua-cvegeta-on(SAV)providefood,shelter,andanurseryhabitatformostofourcommerciallyimportantfisheriesspecies.TheyalsohelpreduceerosionbystabilizingboRomsedimentswiththeirrootsystems.

Coastalshorelinesareconstantlychangingduetobothnatural(winds,waves,-dalcurrents,andperiodicstormevents)andman-madeac-vi-es.[www.epa.gov/sites/produc-on/files/2015-09/documents/2002_04_characteriza-on-reports_ccmp-final-volume-1.pdf]

12

Bulkheads

dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf

www.vims.edu/newsandevents/_photosets/slr_planning/bulkhead.jpg

Bulkheadsarewallsdesignedtoprotecttheshorelinebyprovidingabarriertowaves.Bulkheadsareconstructedfromsteel,aluminum,vinyl,or-mber.Wavereflec-onoffthever-calfaceof-mberandsteelbulkheadscauseserosion(scour)atitsbaseandproducesunsuitablehabitatsformarineorganisms.ItisgenerallyagainstpolicytoauthorizenewbulkheadsorreplacefailedbulkheadswithasimilarstructureontheBay.

[hRp://dnr2.maryland.gov/ccs/Publica-on/Shoreerostext.pdf]

13

Types of Bulkheads Wood

www.baypiledriving.com/Portals/0/Site%20photos/Bay-Front-Rd-Voudrie-cons2.jpg

FiberglassorVinyl

www.thewaterfrontexpo.com/family2006%20010.jpg

Steel

Steelsheetpilebulkheadwallsmustbeprovidedwithcathodicprotec.onifplacedinproximitytobrackishorsalinewater.ThispictureshowsanodesinstalledonbacksideofPZP-38sheetpilesatMidwayAtollinnerharbor/wharffacility.[web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge441/online_lectures/reten-on_structures/GE441-Lecture6-6.pdf]

14

Rip-Rap

dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf

gunthermcclary.com/wp-content/gallery/esb-cc8453821/Rip-Rap.jpg

Ripraprevetmentsareaveryeffec-veandpopularmethodofcontrollingerosion.Arevetmentconsistsofstoneorotherarmoringmaterialusedtoprotectashoreline.Aripraprevetmentuseslayered,various-sizedrocksplacedonaslopingbank.

Thevarianceinsizeandtheroughangularsurfacesoftherockallowtherevetmenttoabsorbtheimpactofthewavesinsteadofdeflec-ngwavesthatcouldcauseerosiontoanadjacentarea.[nnmarineconstruc-on.com//files/svs16.pdf]

15

Breakwaters and Sills

dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf

Stonesillconnec.ngbreakwaterswithsandfillandmarshimplanta.ononChoptankRiver,TalbotCounty,Md.[www2.vims.edu/seagrant/vasg-pubs-pdfs/shoreline.pdf]

Breakwatersandsillsarefreestandingstructuresdesignedtoreducewaveac-onbyaRenua-on,refrac-on,anddiffrac-on.Asillhasalowercrestandisclosertoshoreandaretypicallyinstalledwithbeachfilltocreateasubstrateforestablishingamarshfringe.

Thedimensionsofabreakwatersystemaredependentonthedesiredprotec-onandpoten-alimpactsonadjacentshoreline.[hRp://www.vims.edu/research/departments/physical/programs/ssp/_docs/baa_isabel_report.pdf]

16

Living Shorelines

dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf

www.chesapeakebay.net/images/blog/aug_30_12_2big.jpg

Livingshorelinesu-lizewetlandplants,submergedaqua-cvegeta-on,oysterreefs,coirfiberlogs,sandfill,andstone.Thebenefitsoflivingshorelinesinclude:• Stabiliza-onoftheshoreline.

• Protec-onofsurroundingriparianandinter-dalenvironment.

• Improvementofwaterqualityviafiltra-onofuplandrun-off.

• Crea-onofhabitatforaqua-candlandspecies.

[www.habitat.noaa.gov/restora-on/techniques/livingshorelines.html]

17

Living Shorelines

LivingShorelineAdvantagesandLimita8ons

18

Sea Level Rise

Addi-onally,globalsealevelisrisinginmostloca-onsduetotheoverallincreaseinvolumeandwatermassoftheworld'soceansandseas.

IntheChesapeakeBayregioninpar-cular,extratropicalcyclonesor“nor’easters”thathavenotcausedsignificantfloodinginthepastwillbegintodoso-andwithgreaterfrequency-assealevelcon-nuestorise.[www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/sramsoe425.pdf] ObservedmonthlymeansealevelatBal.more,Maryland

[www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/sramsoe425.pdf]

TheChesapeakeBayisthelargestestuaryintheUnitedStates.Includingitstributaries,ithasover11,000milesofshorelinelength,mostofitlow-lyingandsubjecttoinunda-onduringstorms.Thesenaturalhazardsrepresentanespeciallychallengingproblemforcommuni-esinthecoastalregionsofVirginiaandMaryland.

19

Land Subsidence

Forthosewholiveinlow-lyingareas,sealevelrisedoesn’tleavealotofop-ons:abandonthelandoradapttohigherwaters.Forthosewhowouldstay,therearesomeop-ons:beRerstormforecasts,beRerfloodprepara-on,andvariousoldandnewformsoffloodcontrolengineering.

[www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/Come%20High%20Water-Report-2015.pdf]

Inthisphotograph,thelasthouseonHollandIslandwass.llstanding.In2010itcollapsedintotheChesapeakeBay,avic.mofsealevelriseand

erosion.(photographbyDavidHarp)[www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/Come%20High%20Water-

Report-2015.pdf]

Subsidence,orthedownwardmovementoftheearth'scrustrela-vetotheearth'scenter,ispar-cularlyevidentinthemid-Atlan-csec-onoftheU.S.eastcoast.Inthepast400yearsover400islandsontheBayhavedisappeared.Theislandsapparentlywereerodedaway,aprocessacceleratedbystormsandsealevelrise.

20

Poplar Island

In1998,theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersbegantoconstructstone“containmentdykes.”Thewallsare10feettallandsurroundPoplarIsland’sformerfootprint,andtheislandhasbeendividedintosixmassivecontainmentcellsforbuildingisland

habitat.(photographbyU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers)[www.chesapeakebay.net/blog/2013/02]

WhilemostoftheChesapeakeBay'sislandsareslowlyvanishingbeneaththewaves,oneismakingacomeback.PoplarIslandhadnearlywashedawaybythelate1990s.Butit'ssincebeenrestoredtothesizeitwaswhenitwass-llathriving19th-centuryfarmingandfishingcommunity,usingmaterialdredgedfromtheshippingchannelsleadingtoBal-more.EighteenmillioncubicyardsofsilthasbeentransportedbybargetothisislandjustoffMaryland’sEasternShore.

[www.mpa.maryland.gov/_media/client/News-Publica-ons/2011/media/01162011press.pdf]

ThePoplarIslandEnvironmentalRestora.onProjecthasbeenawardedtheInnova.oninSustainableEngineeringAwardfrom

theAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.[hRp://www.dredgingtoday.com/2015/10/16/poplar-island-

project-wins-na-onal-award/]

21

Washington, DC Flooding

ManycityplannersarelookingtothefailuresoftheleveesinNewOrleansduringhurricaneKatrinatoplantheirdefenses.Toprotectthena-on’scapitalfromflooding,aflood-controlleveewasbuiltalongthenorthflankoftheLincolnMemorialReflec-ngPool.However,amajorgapexistsat17thStreet.

Toplugthishistoricgap,theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersdesignedamoveablefloodwallthatcouldgoupbeforethefloodwatersarrivedandcomedownoncetheysubsided.

[www.chesapeakequarterly.net/sealevel/main10]

Anar.st’ssketchshowsanearlyversionofthe17th-Streetfloodwall(top).Thephotobelowshowsthe“post-and-panel”floodwallduringatrailinstalla.on.TheWashingtonwallhasninepostsand27panels,allofthemstoredoff-site.(DrawingcourtesyoftheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers;photographbyMichaelW.Finncham)

[www.chesapeakequarterly.net/sealevel/main10]

22

Annapolis, Maryland Flooding

ThefloodingmostogenexperiencedintheCityofAnnapolisistermed"urbanflooding,"whichissimilartoflashflooding.Urbanfloodingcanoccurwhen:

• Sanitarysewersareinfiltratedbyfloodwaters,causingsanitarysewerstosurge.• Undersizedroadsculvertsandrailroadculverts,aswellas,stormwatersystemscan'tcontainfloodflows.

• Thecapacityoffloodcontrolsystems(suchasdrainageponds)isexceeded.• Windinducedcoastalfloodingthatcausesstormwaterdrainagesystemstobeoverwhelmed.

• TheBayfloodsoverbanksandbackwardthroughstormdrains.[chesapeakeclimate.org/blog/new-report-how-will-climate-driven-flooding-impact-the-mid-atlan-c]

23

Norfolk, Virginia Flooding

pilotonline.com/news/government/local/norfolk-asks-state-to-study-fixes-to-flooding-problem/ar-cle_e3507498-2451-55ca-b926-938a392f6265.html

Likeanyotherlowlyingcoastalarea,Norfolk'seleva-onanditsproximitytotheChesapeakeBayandseveralriversmakeitsuscep-bletoflooding.Heavyrain,hurricanesornor'easterstormsthreatenresiden-alandcommercialproper-espar-cularlyinneighborhoodsaroundNorfolk'smanywaterways.[www.norfolk.gov/flooding]

24

New Orleans Levees Over-me,anumberoffloodshaveoccurredinthelowerMississippiValley.Floodprotec-onfromtheMississippiRiverwasoriginallyaffordedbyheighteningoftheriver’snaturalbankoverflowlevees.ManmadeleveesdesignedtoprotectthecityfailedduringhurricaneKatrina.[projects.ce.berkeley.edu/neworleans/report/CH_4.pdf]

Ver.calcross-sec.onofNewOrleans,showingmaximumleveeheightof23feet(7m)attheMississippiRiveronthele]and17.5feet(5m)atLakePontchartrainontheright.

Viewofthe17thstreetcanallookingtothesouth.No.cethepor.onoftheleveethatwaspushedoutofplaceduringthebreach.No.cethetreesgrowingonthelevee.Treerootswouldprovidestabilitytothesoil,but

duringalargestorm,thegroundcouldbecomesaturatedwithwater.Thewindcanpushoverthetreeswhichwouldtearoutlargesec.onsofground(orthelevee).Mostofthetreesonalltheleveesaroundthe

cityhavesincebeenremoved.[www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC127GG_new-

orleans-levee-breaches-part-i?guid=1a681374-1b02-4bd3-a72f-4013994df0b6]

25

The Netherlands

SixtypercentofthesurfaceareaoftheNetherlandsisatriskofflooding–alongcanals,riversandlakes.Theyworkandliveonthebedsoflakesthathavebeenpumpeddrytwocenturiesago.Dikesandleveesandcon-nuouspumpingpreventtheselakesfromrefilling.[www.rijnland.net/downloads/floodcontrolrijnland-1-1.pdf]

TheMaeslantkeringstormsurgebarrierisoneofthesinglelargestthingshumanityhaseverbuilt.Measuring22mtalland210mlongapiece,thesesteelstormdoorsaresolargethattheyhadtobebuilton-siteinspeciallyconstructeddrydocksbeginningin1991.Addi.onally,engineersweldedonaseriesofsteeltrussesmeasuring237mintotal,whichactedasaskeletalframetosupportthedoors.Eachtruss,stoodonend,isthesameheightastheEiffelTower,albeittwiceitsweight.Eachtrussrunsbacktoasinglehingethatoperatesatopasinglegigan.cballbearingmeasuring10mindiameterand.ppingthescalesat617tonnes—thelargestintheworld,infact.

[www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/10/these-gargantuan-gates-keep-europes-largest-port-from-drowning/#DODTyXgfw7cVldfJ.99]

Primaryflooddefensesprotectagainstwaterfromtheseaandlargerivers.Theypreventbillionsofeurosindamageandpossiblythousands

ofcasual.es.Regionalflooddefensespreventfloodingfromthesecondarywatersystem(canalsandsmallrivers),withmillionsofeuro’s

indamageandasmallnumberofcasual.es.

26

Thames Barrier, London Itwasagerdisastrousfloodsin1928and1953,whenhundredsdied,thatthedecisionwasmadetoconstructahugebarrierontheThamesRiver.Alineofsixswivelling3,700-tonnehydraulicsteelgatesactlikeagigan-cdrawbridgetokeeptheNorthSeaout.[www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/10646439/The-Thames-Barrier-has-saved-London-but-is-it--me-for-TB2.html]

ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/660/media/images/72905000/gif/_72905648_thames_barrier_sequence2_624in.gif

assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/image_data/file/26068/Thames_Barrier_crop.jpg

news.images.itv.com/image/file/61899/image_update_b37e38c8b851afc6_1342213925_9j-4aaqsk.jpeg

27

Venice, Italy

ForcenturiesVeniceanditsinhabitantshavebeenexposedtofloodingthatcripplesthecityandbringseverydaylifetoastands.ll.Butnowanexperimentalnewdefensesystemthathasbeenpresentedasthecity'ssaviorforalmostadecadeisnearingcomple.on.Ifsuccessful,theExperimentalElectromechanicalModule(Mose)willprotectthecityofcanalsfromtheseverehigh.desthathaveplagueditforsolong.

[www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ar-cle-2853457/Venice-s-line-defence-New-an--flood-aims-protect-historic-Italian-city-rising-waters.html]

The$5.5billionproject,thefirstofitskindintheworld,iscalledMOSE(forModulo

SperimentaleEleUromeccanico,orElectromechanicalExperimentalModule).

Here,amassivecranepreparestoloweroneofthemobilebarriersintoplace.

MinistryofInfrastructureandTransport-MagistratoAlleAcqueDiVenezia,

ConcessionaryConsorzioVeneziaNuova

[discovermagazine.com/galleries/2013/oct/holding-back-venices-floods]

28

Chesapeake Beach Pier

From1900un-l1930ChesapeakeBeachwasathrivingsummerdes-na-on.Peoplewouldmainlycomefordaytripsbyrailwayandsteamboats.Ontheboardwalktherewasabandstand,performingbears,gamesofchance,acarousel,casino,theaters,andmanyrestaurants.Thetowniss-llapopularvaca-onspot.[www.chesapeake-beach.md.us/ourtown_history.htm]

PassengersarrivingbysteamboatatChesapeakeBeach,MD,maketheirwaytoshoreonthetown’s“Long

Pier.”(ChesapeakeBeachRailwayMuseum)[www.bayjournal.com/ar-cle/

steamboats_engineered_change_along_the_chesapeake]

www.chesapeake-beach.md.us/ourtown_history.htm

29

Bay Fishing Piers

MatapeakePierislocatedonKentIsland.The650footlightedfishingpierandboatrampareopen24hoursadayyearround.

[www.parksnrec.org/hiker-biker-trails/landings-piers/]

TheKiptopekeStateParkboatlandingofferssomeofVirginia'sfinestfishing.KiptopekeistheclosestEasternShorefacilitytotheChesapeakeBayBridgeTunnel(CBBT).Just

abouteveryfishspeciesthatcanbetakeninVirginia'swatersmaybecaughtaroundtheconcreteshipsandtheCBBT.

[www.mrc.virginia.gov/vsrfdf/kiptopeke.shtm]

LynnhavenInletFishingPierisapproximately1480].long.Thepierhasbeenservinglocalresidents,families,and

touristsfor61years.[fishingstatus.com/places/directory/groupid/810]

PointLookout,asthesouthernmostpointofthePotomacinMaryland,offersaspectacularviewofthePotomacRiverasitmixeswiththewatersoftheChesapeakeBay.A700-footPointLookoutFishingPierextendsintothewatersoftheBay.

[www.riverexplorer.com/details.php4?id=100]

30

Bay Marinas Marylandhasapproximately600marinas,40,000in-waterboatslips,and246publicboatramps.[msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/boa-ng.html]Virginiahasapproximately1000marinas,ofwhich220–250areopera-ngintheTidewaterarea.[www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/mrr00-11.pdf]

Bal8moreInnerHarbor

www.bal-moremarinecenters.com/Inner-Harbor.aspx baybridgemarina.com

KentIsland,Maryland

Li?leCreek,Virginia

www.liRlecreekmarina.com/index.php?pg=dockagewww.herringtonharbour.com/]

HerringtonHarbor,Maryland

31

Wood Pier Construction

Pressurizedtreatmentoflumber,-mbersandpilingisthemosteffec-vemethodofprotec-ngwooddesignatedforthemarineenvironment.Preserva-vesareforceddeepintothewood'scellswithinaclosedcylinderwhileunderpressure.[www.afoa.org/PDF/n150115a.pdf]

32

Composite Pier Construction

Althoughmorecostlythanalterna-ves,compositepilingsarestrongerandmoredurablethanwood,steelorconcrete.Over-metheywon’trot,rustorcrumble,andtheycan’tbedamagedbywood-boringinsectsormarinegrowth.[www.pearsonpilings.com]

Trexhigh-performancecompositedecksaremadefromreclaimedsawdustandrecycledplas-cfilmfromavarietyofsources.Theaverage500-squarefootcompositeTrexdeckcontains140,000recycledplas-cbags.[www.trex.com]

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Civil Engineering Questions

•  WhywereportsdevelopedatAmerica’smajorci-es?

•  Howhaveourna-on’sportsevolvedover-me?

•  Whyarecanalsimportant?

•  Whatistheprimaryreasondamsarebuiltonmajorrivers?

•  Howdidpeoplecrosslargebodiesofwaterbeforebridgeswerebuilt?

•  Whyarebulkheadsbuilt?Whatproblemscantheycause?

•  Whattypeoffacilitycanstorealotofboatsinthewater?

•  Howarelow-lyingci-esaroundtheworlddealingwithrisingsealevels?

•  Whattypeofmaterialsareusedtobuildpiersanddocks?

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Bay Challenges

•  WhyisitimportanttodredgethemajorharborsontheBay?

•  Whereisagoodplacetoputthedredgedmaterial?

•  Whatproblemscandamsonmajorriverscause?

•  WhatdoyouthinkshouldbedonetoeasetrafficproblemsontheChesapeakeBayBridge?

•  Whattypeofshorelineerosioncontrolisbestfortheenvironment?

•  HowcanwesaveislandsthataredisappearingontheBay?

•  Whatcanbedonetoprotectlow-lyingcoastalci-esfromflooding?

•  Whatbuildingmaterialfordocksandpierslaststhelongest?