Post on 28-Jan-2016
China’s “Good Neighbor” Policy in Southeast Asia: China’s “Good Neighbor” Policy in Southeast Asia:
Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D. Department of Political Science Indiana University of Pennsylvania
NEH/ASDP 2011 “Dynamics of Cultural Unity and Diversity in Southeast Asia”
oror“How to Be a Regional Hegemon “How to Be a Regional Hegemon
and Still Be Liked”and Still Be Liked”
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.2
Southeast Asia: ContextSoutheast Asia: Context
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.3
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.4
The ParadoxThe Paradox
International Relations Theory Posits that Power Shifts Can Lead to Tensions, Counter-Balancing, Conflict; Overwhelming Power Becomes a HegemonChina’s Power vis-à-vis Southeast Asia Since 1980 Has Shifted DramaticallyHowever, China’s Relations with Southeast Asia Today Are Far Better than in Previous DecadesAnswer is Partially the Result of a “Good Neighbor Policy”
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.5
Evolution of PolicyEvolution of Policy
Phase 1: Inaction
Phase 2: Over-Reaction
Phase 3: Moderated Action:“Good Neighbor”
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.6
Indicators of China’s Regional DominanceIndicators of China’s Regional Dominance
PopulationMilitaryEconomicOpinion
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.7
Southeast Asia: China Population, 1960-2009
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
million
per
sons
China
Southeast Asia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.8
Southeast Asian Military Expenditures, 1988-2010
$0
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$8,000
$9,000
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
milio
n 2
009
US$
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Source: SIPRI
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.9
East Asian Military Expenditures, 1988-2010
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
$120,000
$140,000
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
million
200
9 U
S$
Brunei
Cambodia
China, P. R.
Indonesia
Japan
Laos
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Viet Nam
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.12
Southeast Asia: Military Personnel, 2009
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
Cambo
dia
Indo
nesia
Mala
ysia
Mya
nmar
Philipp
ines
Singa
pore
Thail
and
Vietna
m
per
sons
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.13
Southeast Asia: Military Personnel, 2009
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
Cambo
dia
China
Indo
nesia
Mala
ysia
Mya
nmar
Philipp
ines
Singa
pore
Thail
and
Vietna
m
per
sons
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.14
Southeast Asia: China Military Spending Ratio, 1989-2010
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
ASEA
N: C
hin
a M
ilitar
y Exp
enditure
s
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.15
Southeast: China GDP Ratio, 1980-2009
-
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Rat
io o
f G
DP a
t con
stan
t 200
0 U
S$
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.16
Southeast Asia, China: International Reserves, 1980-2009
$-
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
billion
US$
equiv
., in
cl. g
old
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.17
Southeast Asia: China Financial Reserves Ratio, 1980-2009
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
ratio
of in
tern
atio
nal
res
erve
s, in
cl. g
old
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.18
Country Imports Exports
Brunei 3 5
Cambodia 3 10
Indonesia 1 2
Laos 2 2
Malaysia 2 1
Myanmar 1 3
Philippines 2 1
Singapore 3 2
Thailand 2 1
Vietnam 1 3
China’s Rank as Trade Partner, Southeast Asia 2010
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.19
China: Trade with Southeast Asia, 1980-2010
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal i
mpor
ts, e
xpor
ts
% ASEAN exports
% ASEAN imports
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.25
National AveragesNational Averages
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
USA
China
Japan
Vietnam
Thailand
Singapore
Philippines
Indonesia
Source: East Asia Barometer, 2005-2006
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.26
Evolution of PolicyEvolution of Policy
Phase 1: Inaction
Phase 2: Over-Reaction
Phase 3: Moderated Action:“Good Neighbor”
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.27
The Late Qing DynastyThe Late Qing Dynasty
Pogroms of Chinese Overseas IgnoredChina Saw overseas Chinese as “…outcasts who had not hesitated to abandon their homeland for the sake of commerce.” Most of Southeast Asia Under European Control
清清代代
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.28
Over-Action: China-SE Asia Relations, 1949-79Over-Action: China-SE Asia Relations, 1949-79
China Became Communist in 1949, SE Asia IndependentNorth Korea Invaded S. Korea 1950Vietnam War Created a Communist NorthUSA Intervention, SEATO
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.29
Over-Action: China-SE Asia Relations, 1949-79
Overseas Chinese Communities Often Seen as “Fifth Columnists”Malayan EmergencyIndonesia 9/65China Highly Critical of Moves Against Ethnic Chinese by Southeast Asian governments
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.30
Counter-Action: ASEANCounter-Action: ASEAN
Formed 1967Initially Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, SingaporeSubstantial Anti-Communist Insurgency in FocusKey Effort to Create a Common Front vis-à-vis External PowersEventually Admitted Communist/Socialist States
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.31
Over-Action: China-SE Asia Relations, 1949-79Over-Action: China-SE Asia Relations, 1949-79
Data Show Chinese Higher Chinese Tendency to Use Force 1949-69Soviet Involvement in Southeast AsiaVietnamese Invasion of Pol Pot Regime in Cambodia, 12/78; Chinese Retaliatory Invasion of Northern Vietnam 2/79Expulsion of Ethnic Chinese from VietnamPolarization of Sino-Southeast Asian Relations
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.32
Moderating Action: The “Good Neighbor Policy”Moderating Action: The “Good Neighbor Policy”
Chinese Diplomatic Situation Spring 1989 Isolation After Tiananmen 6/4/89Normalization of Relations with USSR
Li Peng tour of Southeast Asia 1990Secret Sino-Vietnamese Negotiations in Chengdu 1990Vo Van Kiet and Party leader Do Muoi Visiting Beijing 11/91
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.33
Moderating Action: The “Good Neighbor Policy”Moderating Action: The “Good Neighbor Policy”
Chinese Approached Suharto During Showa Emperor’s Funeral early 1989, AcceptedNegotiations Throughout 1989August 1990 Li Peng Visit to Jakarta to Normalize RelationsSingapore Last Normalization as per Lee Kwan Yew Pledge
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.35
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.36
South China SeaSouth China Sea
Conflicting Claims to Islands and ReefsChina/Taiwan, Vietnam: AllMalaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei: Portions
At Issue, Hydrocarbon Potential, Sea LanesClashes 1974, 1988, 1995Subsequent Negotiation of Code of Conduct 2002 Through ASEAN
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.37
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Est. 1993/94 from PMCExplicitly Security OrganizationMembers: Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, China, Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea, European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor Leste, United States, and Viet Nam.
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.38
ASEAN +3/ APT/ 10+3ASEAN +3/ APT/ 10+3
Est. 1997 in response to financial crisis, “Chiang Mai Initiative”Formalized 1999Includes ASEAN, China, South Korea, Japan“China endorses the role of ASEAN Plus Three as the main channel for the advancement of East Asian cooperation.”
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.39
ChinaMyanmar
Thailand
CambodiaLaos Vietnam
Malaysia
Singapore Indonesia
Philippines
ASEAN
S.Korea Japan
“+3”
USA
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.40
Competitive InstitutionsCompetitive Institutions
Formed 1989 by Australian Proposal21 members Includes USA, Russia, Mexico, Peru, TaiwanToo Diffuse to be Real CompetitionNo Exclusion; Can Be Members of BothComing to Honolulu in November!
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.41
ConclusionConclusion
Resolution of the Paradox:Decline of Ideology of CommunismResolution of Status of Overseas ChineseCollapse of External ActorBalancing Against Intentions More than CapabilitiesTriumph of Diplomacy, and of Southeast Asian Initiative
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.42
ASEAN-China Free Trade AreaASEAN-China Free Trade Area
Initial Agreement Signed 2002, launched 2003Further Implementation in 2010Does not include Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.43
Myanmar: Export Partners, 1980-2010Myanmar: Export Partners, 1980-2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
% India
% Thailand
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.44
Myanmar: Import Partners, 1980-2010Myanmar: Import Partners, 1980-2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
% India
% Thailand
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.45
Myanmar: Export Partners, 2010Myanmar: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
2719.78
2010
Thailand India China, P.R.: Mainland Japan Malay sia Korea, Republic of Bangladesh Vietnam Singapore Cote d'Iv oire
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.46
Myanmar: Import Partners, 2010Myanmar: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
3500.00
4000.00
4500.00
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland Thailand Singapore Korea, Republic of Indonesia Malay sia Japan India Taiwan Prov ince of China Australia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.47
Indonesia: Major Import Partners, 1980-2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal i
mpor
ts
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.48
Indonesia: Major Export Partners, 1980-2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal e
xpor
ts
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.49
Indonesia: Export Partners, 2010Indonesia: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
27070.90
2010
Japan China, P.R.: Mainland United States Singapore Korea, Republic of India Malay sia Taiwan Prov ince of China Thailand Australia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.50
Indonesia: Import Partners, 2010Indonesia: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland Singapore Japan United States Malay sia Korea, Republic of Thailand Saudi Arabia Australia India
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.51
Laos: Major Export Partners, 1981-2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
% to
tal e
xpor
ts % Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
% Thailand
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.52
Laos: Major Import Partners, 1981-2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
% to
tal e
xpor
ts % Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
% Thailand
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.53
Laos: Export Partners, 2010Laos: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
724.16
2010
Thailand China, P.R.: Mainland Vietnam United Kingdom United States Germany Japan Korea, Republic of India Belgium
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.54
Laos: Import Partners, 2010Laos: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
2010
Thailand China, P.R.: Mainland Vietnam Korea, Republic of Japan China, P.R.: Hong Kong Singapore Australia India Germany
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.55
Philippines: Major Import Partners, 1999-2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
% to
tal i
mpor
ts
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.56
Philippines: Major Export Partners, 1980-2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal e
xpor
ts
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.57
Philippines: Export Partners, 2010Philippines: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
11486.10
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland United States Singapore Japan China, P.R.: Hong Kong Germany Korea, Republic of Netherlands Thailand Taiwan Prov ince of China
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.58
Philippines: Import Partners, 2010Philippines: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
10000.00
12000.00
2010
Japan China, P.R.: Mainland United States Singapore Taiwan Prov ince of China Thailand Korea, Republic of Indonesia Saudi Arabia Malay sia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.59
Malaysia: Major Export Partners, 1980-2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal e
xpor
ts
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.60
Malaysia: Major Import Partners, 1980-2010
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal i
mpor
ts
% Japan
% Singapore
% USA
% China
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.61
Malaysia: Export Partners, 2010Malaysia: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
48085.48
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland Singapore United States Japan China, P.R.: Hong Kong Thailand Australia Indonesia Korea, Republic of Netherlands
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.62
Malaysia: Import Partners, 2010Malaysia: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
40000.00
45000.00
50000.00
2010
Singapore China, P.R.: Mainland Japan United States Thailand Indonesia Korea, Republic of Taiwan Prov ince of China Germany Australia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.63
China: Major S.E. Asian Export Partners, 1980-2010
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal e
xpor
ts
% Singapore
% Indonesia
% Malaysia
% Philippines
% Thailand
% Vietnam
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.64
China: Major S.E. Asian Import Partners, 1980-2010
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
% to
tal i
mpor
ts % Singapore
% Indonesia
% Malaysia
% Philippines
% Thailand
Source: IMF DOTS, 2009, 2011
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.65
China: Export Partners 2010China: Export Partners 2010
0.00
297862.78
2010
United States China, P.R.: Hong Kong Japan Korea, Republic of Germany Netherlands India United Kingdom Singapore Italy
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.66
China: Import Partners, 2010China: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
20000.00
40000.00
60000.00
80000.00
100000.00
120000.00
140000.00
160000.00
180000.00
200000.00
2010
Japan Korea, Republic of Taiwan Prov ince of China United States Germany Australia Malay sia Brazil Thailand Saudi Arabia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.67
Japan: Export Partners, 2010Japan: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
157107.43
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland United States Korea, Republic of Taiwan Prov ince of China China, P.R.: Hong Kong Thailand Singapore Germany Malay sia Netherlands
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.68
Japan: Import Partners, 2010Japan: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
20000.00
40000.00
60000.00
80000.00
100000.00
120000.00
140000.00
160000.00
180000.00
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland United States Australia Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Korea, Republic of Indonesia Taiwan Prov ince of China Malay sia Qatar
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.69
Singapore: Export Partners, 2010Singapore: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
44008.79
2010
Malay sia China, P.R.: Hong Kong China, P.R.: Mainland Indonesia United States Japan Korea, Republic of India Taiwan Prov ince of China Thailand
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.70
Singapore: Import Partners, 2010Singapore: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
40000.00
2010
Malay sia United States China, P.R.: Mainland Japan Taiwan Prov ince of China Korea, Republic of Indonesia Saudi Arabia Thailand India
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.71
Thailand: Export Partners, 2010Thailand: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
22552.79
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland Japan United States China, P.R.: Hong Kong Malay sia Australia Singapore Indonesia Vietnam Philippines
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.72
Thailand: Import Partners, 2010Thailand: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
35000.00
40000.00
45000.00
2010
Japan China, P.R.: Mainland United States Malay sia United Arab Emirates Korea, Republic of Taiwan Prov ince of China Singapore Australia Indonesia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.73
Vietnam: Export Partners, 2010Vietnam: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
15165.72
2010
United States Japan China, P.R.: Mainland Germany Australia Korea, Republic of Switzerland Malay sia Philippines China, P.R.: Hong Kong
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.74
Vietnam: Import Partners, 2010Vietnam: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
5000.00
10000.00
15000.00
20000.00
25000.00
30000.00
2010
China, P.R.: Mainland Japan Korea, Republic of Taiwan Prov ince of China Singapore Thailand China, P.R.: Hong Kong United States Malay sia India
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.75
Cambodia: Export Partners, 2010Cambodia: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
2292.82
2010
United States Canada United Kingdom Germany Thailand Japan Vietnam Singapore Spain China, P.R.: Mainland
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.76
Cambodia: Import Partners, 2010Cambodia: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
2010
Thailand Singapore China, P.R.: Mainland China, P.R.: Hong Kong Vietnam Taiwan Prov ince of China Korea, Republic of Indonesia Japan United States
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.77
Brunei: Export Partners, 2010Brunei: Export Partners, 2010
0.00
3919.07
2010
Japan Korea, Republic of Australia Indonesia China, P.R.: Mainland India New Zealand Singapore Thailand Malay sia
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.78
Brunei: Import Partners, 2010Brunei: Import Partners, 2010
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
2010
Singapore Malay sia China, P.R.: Mainland United Kingdom Japan Thailand United States Indonesia Korea, Republic of Germany
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.79
Soft PowerSoft Power
Joseph Nye, 1990 Foreign Policy Article
软实力Confucius Institutes, Chinese Language Instruction, Youth Volunteers, Foreign Aid, Trade, InvestmentBut Does it Work?
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.80
Confucius InstitutesConfucius Institutes
30 in Southeast Asia:Indonesia: 7Singapore: 2Myanmar: 2Malaysia: 2Philippines: 3Thailand: 12Cambodia: 1Laos: 1
Copyright © 2011 Steven F. Jackson, Ph.D.81
Latin America as a Percentage of US Total Trade, 1870-1970
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
1870
1873
1876
1879
1882
1885
1888
1891
1894
1897
1900
1903
1906
1909
1912
1915
1918
1921
1924
1927
1930
1933
1936
1939
1942
1945
1948
1951
1954
1957
1960
1963
1966
1969
Imports
Exports
Total Trade