CRISIS IN CHINAIts politics and economy in 60s and

80s

INTRODUCTIONIts politics and economy in 60s and

80sChina is the largest nation in the

world in terms of population. It has witnessed many political and

economic turmoil after Chairman Mao introduced Great Leap Forward

Program and Cultural Revolution.

Chiang Kai Shekwas forced to leave mainland China and

was confined in the island of Formosa

which is now known as Taiwan

INTRODUCTIONIts politics and economy in 60s and

80sMao thought that the leaders and the people in China are deviating from its

revolutionary original Communist principle. He introduced these

programs in order to make speedy progress to compete with the West.

MAO AS THE FATHER OF PRC

Mao’s Right Hand

MAO MOVES ONMao believed that socialism would eventually triumph over all other

ideologies, and following the First Five-Year Plan based on a Soviet-style

centrally controlled economy, Mao took on the ambitious project of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, beginning an

unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas..

MAO MOVES ON

Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase

steel production, pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that

large amounts of crops rotted unharvested.

MAO MOVES ON TO CONTINUE GREAT LEAP FORWARD

Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a

factory; he thought that ending the program would dampen peasant

enthusiasm for his political mobilization, the Great Leap Forward.

MAO MOVES ON TO CONTINUE GREAT LEAP FORWARD

Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a

factory; he thought that ending the program would dampen peasant

enthusiasm for his political mobilization, the Great Leap Forward.

EFFECT OF GREAT LEAP FORWARD

Because of Mao's land reforms during the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in

massive famines, thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961. By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition. Active campaigns, including party purges and "reeducation" resulted in

the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist

ideals.

EFFECT OF GREAT LEAP FORWARD

The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 70 million

excessive deaths during peacetime with the Cultural Revolution, Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957-58,[ and

the Great Leap Forward.

EFFECT OF GREAT LEAP FORWARD

Mao's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government, whose

administrative duties fell to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping.

EFFECT OF GREAT LEAP FORWARD

1. Background of Cultural Revolution was created.

2. Mao’s Wife Jiang emerged in power.

3. Mao’s leadership was questioned

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

Red Guards terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries. Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt. Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations.

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of "old elements", and at the same time serving certain political goals, Mao began the Cultural Revolution in May 1966. The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life.

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

Many prominent political leaders, including Liu and Deng, were purged and deemed "capitalist-roaders". The

campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao

in 1976.

GANG OF FOUR

The Gang of Four was a group of Chinese Communist Party officials who were arrested

after the death of Mao Zedong and largely blamed for the events of the Chinese Cultural

Revolution. The Gang of four, led by Mao Zedong, and then, after his death, Zedong's widow,

Madame Mao Jiang Qing, was responsible for several purges of the Communist Party of China

and an estimated 500,000 executions and imprisonments of activists and citizens.

GANG OF FOUR

After Mao Zedong died on September 9, 1976, The Gang of Four tried to seize power

and continue Zedong's extreme leftist policies. However, less than a month later, the four were arrested and imprisoned. A

public trial was held in 1981: Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao refused to repent or show

remorse for their crimes and were sentenced to death, although the sentences were later

reduced to life in prison.

GANG OF FOUR AFTER THEY WERE OVERTHROWN FROM POWER

DENG XIAOPING

Deng XiaoPing the former paramount leader of China, was born into a Hakka family in

Guang'an County in Sichuan province. Deng's ancestors could be traced back to Meixian. He was educated in France, as were many

notable Asian revolutionaries (such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Pol Pot), where he

discovered Marxism-Leninism..

DENG XIAOPING

Deng gradually emerged as the de-facto leader of China in the few years following

Mao's death in 1976. Prior to Mao's death, the only governmental position he held was that of First Vice-Premier of the

State Council.

DENG XIAOPING

Under Deng's direction, relations with the West improved remarkably. Deng traveled abroad and had a series of amicable meetings with western leaders, and became the first Chinese leader to

visit the United States in 1979, meeting with President Carter at the White House. Shortly

before this meeting, the U.S. had broken diplomatic relations with the Republic of China

(Taiwan) and established them with the People's Republic of China (PRC).

FOUR MODERNIZATIONS

AGRICULTUREINDUSTRY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MILLITARY

REFORMS UNDER DENG XIAOPING

Deng's reforms actually included the introduction of planned, centralized

management of the macro-economy by technically proficient bureaucrats,

abandoning Mao's mass campaign style of economic construction.

REFORMS UNDER DENG XIAOPING

At the local level, material incentives, rather than political appeals, were to be used to motivate the labor force, including allowing peasants to earn

extra income by selling the produce of their private plots at free market.

FOUR MODERNIZATIONS

AGRICULTUREINDUSTRY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MILLITARY

REFORMS UNDER DENG XIAOPING

The reforms centered on improving labor productivity as well. New material incentives and bonus

systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants' homegrown products and the surplus products of

communes were revived.

AGRICULTURE

* It was decided it was the most important sector of modernization•Planned to increase food production

4-5% each year• Mechanize 85% farming

•Household responsibility system

INDUSTRY

•They focused on capital construction and improvements in heavy industries.

• The government willingly invested 54 billion Yuan into these endeavors.

• 120 projects were to be completed, including 10 iron and steel complexes, 6 oil gas fields, 30

power stations, 8 coal mines, 9 non-ferrous metal complexes, 7 trunk railways and

• Mechanize 85% farming5 harbors.

Science and Technology

•Due to 10 lost years, China was lacking in even the most basic technological expertise.

• In March 1978, the National Scientific conference stated that they need 800, 000 professional scientific researchers.• They announced the invitation of 108

projects in 27 separate fields.