CHETAN GOYAL

SOE,RAFFLES UNIVERSITY

March 15, 2013

3D Printing

contents

What is 3D printing? Different methods of 3D printing Business impact New developments Challenges and limitations Conclusion

3D 2D D

3D computer graphics are graphics which are using three dimensional representation of geometric data.

Printing process

Printing is a process for reproducing text and images, typically with ink on paper using a print press.

3D + Printing = 3D Printing

3D Printing is a phrase used to describe the process of creating three dimensional objects from digital file using a materials printer, in a manner similar to printing images on paper.

The Inventor

The technology for printing physical 3D

objects from digital data was first developed

by Charles Hull in 1984. He named the

technique stereolithography and obtained a

patent for the technique in 1986. The same

year, he founded 3D Systems and developed

the first commercial 3D Printing machine.

Prototyping technologies and their base materials

3D Printing (3DP): Various materials, including resins3D Ceramic Printing: Various clay and ceramic materialsSelective laser sintering (SLS): Thermoplastics, metals, sand and glassFused Deposition Modeling (FDM): ThermoplasticsStereolithography (SL): PhotopolymerLaminated object manufacturing: Laminate sheets, often paper, and

glueElectron Beam Melting (EBM): Titanium alloys

Different methods

Selective laser sintering (SLS)StereolithographyFused deposition modeling (FDM)Laminated object manufacturingElectron Beam Melting (EBM)

SLS method Selective laser sintering (SLS) is

an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal (direct metal laser sintering),ceramic or glass powders into a mass that has a desired 3-dimensional shape.

SLS method

STEREOLITHOGRAPHYStereolithograph

y is an additive manufacturing process using a liquid which is UV-curable photopolymer ”resin” and a UV laser to build parts a layer at a time.

The Stereolithography Apparatus

FDMFused deposition

modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications.

Laminated object manufacturingLaminated object

manufacturing (LOM) is a rapid prototyping system developed by Helisys Inc. In it, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic or metal laminates are successively glued together and cut to shape with a knife or laser cutter.

Electron Beam Melting

This solid freeform fabrication method produces fully dense metal parts directly from metal powder. The EMB machine reads data from a 3-D CAD model and lays down successive layers of powdered material. The layers are melted together with the help of a computer controlled electron beam. This way it builds up the parts. The process takes place under a vacuum, which makes it suited to manufacture parts made out of reactive materials.

Equipment typesDimension 3D printer

just-in-time

Less/no inventory

No need to get spare parts delivered at home

Each part of object can be just catalogued

instead of mass produced.

Business impact

New Developments

First ever 3-D printed car.Urbee is the first prototype car ever to have its entire body

3D printed with an additive process. All exterior components, including the glass panel prototypes, were created using Dimension 3D Printers..

3-D printed Buildings?Architect Enrico Dini is planning to build the first ever

3-D printed building.

Urbee

SUCCESS STORIESAuto parts: for example, parts of "Formula 1" car

engines, are made by direct laser sintering of metal.Aircraft parts: F-18 (fight aircraft) tube for the

control system environment. Individual orthodontics: the company Align

Technology uses the 3D Printing to generate accurate individual dental braces for hundreds of thousands Of patients worldwide by stereolithography from 3D-scans of the mouth.

Individual hearing devices manufactured by Siemens based on 3D-scan of the ear canal.

SUCCESS STORIES

3D printed Jaw

What will be in the future? For many products the

standard conveyors can be greatly reduced or completely replace by 3D-printer, because the end product - for example, a car - will not be collected from hundreds or thousand process.

Health impact fine powders

New and unknown characteristics of materials: Material science unknownQuality control in complex

structuresWeapons: no limits?Ethical issues: organ printingNew levels of Piracy. Security

Risks

Next automation step in manufacturingJob losses.

Economies:economic value of things

produced in 3D printers. economy of scale for printers? Additional step e.g. production

of titanium powderSlow and complicated process.

Challenges and limitations

Conclusions

The current manufacturing business model will soon become obsolete which will imply: Important disruptions to the economy of

emerging countries and therefore to the world economy

Manufacturing will go local again.The democratization of manufacturing will

stimulate major leaps forward in technology.As more people will have easy access to

design and experiments.

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