Chemistry and Physics Review

Steven Nixon

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Table of contents

• Periodic Table of the Elements

• Density• Viscosity• Chemical and Physical Chang

es• Law of conservation of mass• Law of conservation of mass• pH Scale• Solute and Solvent• Like dissolves like

• Things to remember• Newton's 3 laws• Waves • Polarization• Reflection and Refraction• Resonance• Law of conservation of energ

y• Conduction, Convection,

Radiation• Fossil Fuels and Alternative R

enewable• Chemistry information

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Periodic Table of the Elements

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Density

Density=mass(g) Volume(ml or cm3).Density of water is 1 g/ml.If the density of a substance is less than 1 it will float.If the density of a substance is greater then 1 it will sink.

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Viscosity

Viscosity is a fluids resistance to flow.

Ex. Honey, Molasses, and Ketchup

If you increase the temp you

decrease the viscosity.(Pours quicker)

If you decrease the temp you increase the viscosity.(Pours

Slower) Buoyancy-An

upward force exerted by a fluid.

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Chemical and Physical Changes

• Physical change- No new substances are formed. Crushing, grinding, dissolving. Ex. All phase changes are physical changes. Ex. Liquid to solid- Freezing. Solid to Liquid- Melting, Solid

to gas-Sublimation, Liquid to gas-evaporating.

• Chemical Change-New substances are formed.

Ex. Burning , Rustin, Tarnishing.

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Law of conservation of mass

Law of conservation of mass-matter cannot be

created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Reactants Na + CI2------Product NaCI Unbalanced 2Na + CI2-----2NaCI Balanced

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Law of conservation of mass

You can only add coefficients when balancing never chance subscripts.

Same for mass2Na + CI2--------2NaCI2g + 1g = 3gTotal mass of the reactants must equal total

mass of the products.

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Water Molecule

Water is a polar molecule. It has a slightly negative end(oxygen end) and a slightly positive end (Hydrogen end.)

Because water is polar it tends to dissolve other polar compounds.

Water expands when it freezes which provides an insulating layer for fish in lakes and pounds.

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pH Scale

• Substances that can conduct an electric current when they are dissolved in water are electrolytes.

• Strong Acids and Strong bases are electrolytes as well as NaCl

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Solute and Solvent

To increase the rate at which a

solid(Solute) dissolves in a

liquid(Solvent).

Increase Temperature

.

Increase the surface area.

StirTo increase the rate

at which a gas(solute) dissolves in a liquid(Solvent).

1.Decrease temperature.

2. Increase pressure.

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Like dissolves like

• Polar dissolves PolarWater sugar

• Non-Polar dissolves no polar Paint thinner Oil-based paint

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Things to remember

• Speed(m/s) and velocity(m/s) are calculated in the same way. Velocity just includes direction.

Acceleration (m/s2) is speeding up, slowing down or changing directions.

Work (J) is when force applied to the object is the same as the direction in which the object moves. If the object does not move it is not work.

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Newton's 3 laws

1st law: Any object in motion will stay in motion, and any object at rest will stay at rest, until it is acted on by an unbalanced force.(ex. Friction or

gravity). This law is also referred to as the law of inertia.

2nd Law: F(N)=mass x Acceleration

Remember acceleration due to gravity

is 9.8 m/s2 as is located on the formula chart in the box below.

3rd Law: For every action there is a equal and opposite reaction.

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Waves

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Polarization

• A polarizing filter is

made up of long

molecules arranged

parallel to one another.

Between the molecules

are narrow slits. The

only light that passes

through a polarizing

filter is light that

vibrates parallel to the

filters slits. The light

that passes through a

polarized light. Polarized

light vibrated in only a

single direction, such as

a horizontal plane.

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Reflection and Refraction

• Reflection- Wave strikes and object and bounces back.

• Refraction- Wave bends due to a change in its speed. Ex: Going from air into water or air into glass. Lenses refract light.

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Resonance

• Resonance– The natural frequency at which an object vibrates.

• Ex: A tuning fork with a frequency of 256 Hz vibrates when struck. Because of these vibrations, a nearby tuning fork begins to vibrate without being struck.

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Law of conservation of energy

• Law of conservation of energy: Energy is never created nor destroyed. Conserve means to save Energy can be converted to other forms of energy.

• Example: When gasoline is burned in a car’s engine, for Instance, chemical energy stored in the gasoline is converted to other forms. Only some of this energy is used to move the car forward. Much of the rest is wasted as heat.

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Conduction, Convection, Radiation

• Conduction-Transfer of heat by direct contact.(Solids)• Convection- Transfer of heat by the movement of a

current(Convection Current)(Liquids and gases transfer heat by this method because their fluid motion)

• Radiation-Transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves.(Sun and you can also feel radiation by sitting near a fire in a fireplace)

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Fossil Fuels and Alternative Renewable

• Fossil Fuels-(Nonrenewable) coal , natural gas, oil.

• Alternative Renewable-Solar(sun), Wind, Hydro(water), Geothermal(Geysers)

Fossil Fuels

Alternative Renewable

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Chemistry information

• http://chemistry.about.com/od/moleculescompounds/Molecules_Compounds.htm