Post on 01-Jun-2018
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There are Many Forms of Renewable Energy
Hydroelectric Non-Hydroelectric
Wind Solar Geothermal Ocean/Water
Wave, Tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Bioenergy
crops waste: old tires, municipal solid waste,
agricultural waste
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Renewable Energy Is A Small Part of OurOverall Fuel Mix
Source: AER 201110/6/14 4
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Biofuels and Wind Have Experienced RapidGrowth Recently
Source: EIA AER 201110/6/14 5
Solar & Wind are Green & Clean
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The Real World is Hot, Dry, & Windy
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Wind Power
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Wind Power is Not New
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Windmills Prairie Pumps
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Once a ubiquitous feature in Rural America, Every Farm & Ranchhad one or several
Rural Electrification Programseliminated most of them.
Switched to electric pumps forwater wells
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Wind Power Comes in Many Flavors
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Different Scales:Utility Scale 10s of KWs to MWsResidential Scale 100s of Ws to several KWs
Different Technologies:Horizontal AxisVertical Axis
Different Locations:Terrestrial:
OnshoreOffshore
Aerial:Low AltitudeHigh Altitude
Wind Energy Has Many Benefits
No emissions Inexhaustible, renewable supply Fuel is free Efficient Conversion: direct mechanical to
electrical (m e)
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Height is Critical in Wind Resources
[NREL]10/6/14 15
Higher is better>30 Meters
Not as well suited forResidential or smallcommercial applications
Favors Utility Scaleprojects
The US Has Abundant Wind Resources
[NREL]
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The US Has Abundant Wind Resources
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Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly[NREL]
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Installed Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly
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2013
Wind Tends to be Where People Arent
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>$7 BillionInvested inTransmissionLines to BringWest TexasWind Power toPopulationCenters
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US Wind Capacity is Growing Quickly
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2013
Onshore Horizontal Axis (HAWT)
What most people think of as Traditional Wind Power Utility Scale 0.5 2.5 MW per turbine Several to Hundreds per Wind Farm
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First Generation
Large A/C Generators, Gearboxs, Complex, MultipleFailure Modes
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Maintenance Was Not Insignificant
Gear box seal failuresplagued many earlygeneration Wind Turbines
Direct Drive Technology hasgreatly improved reliability andreduced maintenancerequirements
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And Oil is Flammable
Second Generation
Smaller (size), Simpler, Still Had Gear Boxs10/6/14 26
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Third Generation
Smaller Still but greater power, Direct Drive, PMM10/6/14 27
Wind Turbines Are Getting Larger
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For Onshore There are Physical Limits
Road, Bridge, Tunnel, Transport, & Crane Limitations
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As Capacity Increases, Cost Decreases
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Wind Turbines Show Three Key Trends
Larger turbines Lower Wind Speed Efficiency Offshore
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Visual Pollution Is Very Real to Some
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Wind Farms Are Moving Offshore
Less NIMBYism Better wind patterns Close to cities 80% of the Worlds Population Lives within 200
miles of a coastline
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Offshore Wind is More Expensive But Scale Helps
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~ Twice the $ of Onshore! Higher Capitol Cost! Higher Maintenance Cost
But:! Higher Capacity Factor! Less Visual Impact! No Noise Concerns! Close to Load Centers! Larger Scale
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High Fidelity Modeling Aids Design
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Offshore Has Fewer Physical Size Constraints
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European Countries Are Moving to OffshoreWind Resources
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The US Might Move to Offshore Wind Resources
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The World is Moving to Offshore Wind Resources
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Wind Has Enjoyed Phenomenal Growth
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Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)
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VAWT is Not New Technology
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Aerial Wind?
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Aerial Wind?
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Residential Wind Power
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Many Technologies Suit Residential
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They All Strive for: High Efficiency Low Wind Speed Low Noise Low Maintenance Low Cost
Very Challenging toOvercome theInherently poor Wind
Resource Near theGround & AroundBuildings, Trees etc.
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Ocean Energy
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There Are Several Forms of Ocean Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Wave Osmotic/Salinity Gradients Tidal Benefits:
scale of resource base renewable avoids NIMBYism
Concerns: large-scale engineering and thermodynamics challenges unknown environmental impacts
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)Uses Natural Temperature Gradients
Uses natural temperaturedifferences between theocean surface and depths suns rays only
penetrate ~65 m Carnot efficiency:
3.4% Originally proposed in
the late 19th century
Source: Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment, 1995; Carcas, 2007
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Wave Power Harnesses Kinetic Energy In theWaves
Source: Ocean Energy
Wave power potential in kW/m of wave front
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Wave Power: Recoverable resource is aboutthe same size as hydroelectric power
Is it feasible to put wave power systems alongall the coasts?
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Wave Power Has Multiple Forms
First wave-power patents in the 18thcentury
First commercial wave farm installed inOctober 2007
PG&E will build a wave farm of the coastof CA by 2012
3 Pelamus devices with 750 kW apiece tobe installed in 2009 off the coast ofPortugal
concerns: surviving the waves, corrosion,transmission
FinaveraSource: The Coming Wave, Economist, June 7th, 2008
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Wave Power Has Multiple Forms
Wave hello to Aquaboy (at the top of the article) and (clockwise from topleft) AWS Ocean Energy's submerged buoy; Limpet; Oyster; and Pelamis
Source: The Coming Wave, Economist, June 7th, 2008
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Salinity Gradients and Osmotic Power
Uses pressure difference between fresh and salt water atriver/ocean interface Can duplicate this effect by injecting fresh water into
brine reservoirs Depends on sophisticated semi-permeable membranes
1,650 billion kWh worldwide potential if you put a lot of membranes in place. U.S. annual electricity consumption is 3,700 billion kWh
Statkraft (a Norwegian company) building a power station at the Oslo fjord
demonstration system will generate enough power for afew lightbulbs
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Ocean Tidal & Current
Very Similar to Offshore Wind:
Near to Loads High Capacity Factor (approaching 100% for Current) Huge Resource High Capitol Cost High Maintenance? No Emissions No Visual Impact No Noise Impact Renewable Marine Life Impact?
Tidal Energy
Dates back to the Roman occupation of Englandwhen established to grind corn and grain
Need good separation between low and high tide Can be forecasted (unlike waves, wind, solar,)
Source: Statkraft Development AS
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Like Wind Several Technology Approaches
Source: Statkraft Development AS
Ocean Current
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Tapping Ocean Currents Could Power the World
80% of the Worlds Population Lives With 200 Miles of a Coastline
Another Source of Solar Power but Very Concentrated Unlike Traditional Solar & Wind
The Energy in the Oceans Currents is Vast & Untapped
Ocean Current
Essentially the SameConcept & Technologyas Sea Floor Tidal butPlaced in Major OceanCurrents
Huge Resource Potential
Base Load with Near100% Capacity Factor
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Gulf Stream Current
Source: Statkraft Development AS
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