Post on 26-May-2015
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Chapter 9Chapter 9Joints = ArticulationsJoints = Articulations
Where ANY bones come together
FunctionalFunctional Classification of Classification of JointsJoints
1) Synarthrosis (no movement)• Fibrous (Sutural or Gomphosis)• Cartilaginous (Synchondrosis often becomes
synostosis)• Bony Fusion (Synostosis)2) Amphiarthrosis (little movement)• Fibrous (Syndesmosis – tibia to fibula) • Cartilaginous (Symphysis)3) Diarthrosis (free movement)
Three types of movementSix Types of structure
Structural Structural Classification of Classification of Joints (Joints (Marieb utilizes Marieb utilizes Structural Classification Structural Classification (p 205)(p 205)
1. Fibrous (no joint cavity) Almost no movement, little CT E.g, Sutures in calvarium
2. Cartilaginous E.g., Symphysis pubis, IV disks
3. Synovial – by far most important
1. Fibrous1. Fibrous (no joint (no joint cavity)cavity)
SuturesSutures Only in the skullOnly in the skull
Lambdoidal, Coronal, etc.Lambdoidal, Coronal, etc. Minimal movementMinimal movement Growth allowedGrowth allowed
Syndesmosis (pl. syndesmoses)Syndesmosis (pl. syndesmoses) Ligamentous attachmentsLigamentous attachments Minimal movementMinimal movement E.g., distal tibia to distal fibulaE.g., distal tibia to distal fibula
Gomphosis (pl. gomphoses)Gomphosis (pl. gomphoses) TeethTeeth Periodontal ligamentPeriodontal ligament
2. Cartilaginous2. Cartilaginous = = Union by cartilageUnion by cartilage
Synchondrosis Epiphyseal plates May become
synostosis Symphysis
Fibrocartilage Intervertebral
Disks, symphysis pubis
3. Synovial3. Synovial (with egg white) (with egg white) – – most important! most important!
1.1. Articular CartilageArticular Cartilage1.1. HyalineHyaline
2.2. Joint Cavity or SpaceJoint Cavity or Space3.3. Synovial MembraneSynovial Membrane
1.1. Synovial FluidSynovial Fluid1.1. NourishesNourishes2.2. CushionsCushions3.3. LubricatesLubricates
4.4. Joint CapsuleJoint Capsule5.5. Reinforcing LigamentsReinforcing Ligaments6.6. Nerves and blood Nerves and blood
supplysupply
3. Synovial, 3. Synovial, cont’dcont’d
Depends on: Shape of articular
surfaces Supporting Ligaments Muscle Tone
Joint Stability
Bursae and Tendon Bursae and Tendon SheathsSheaths
Bags of synovial fluidBags of synovial fluid Lubrication and cushionLubrication and cushion
TendonsTendons LigamentsLigaments
N.B.: Tendinitis, Synovitis
Three Types of Motion at Three Types of Motion at Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Linear motion = gliding
Angular motion : flexion, extension,
hyperextension ab-, adduction circumduction
Rotation left - right, internal or
medial, external or lateral C1 – C2 , leg/foot, radius
Special MovementsSpecial Movements
Supination, Pronation Radius/ulna
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
Elevation, depression
Eversion, Inversion
Table 9.4
6 types of 6 types of Diarthroses Diarthroses (p 216)(p 216)
1 Plane (Gliding) Joint
2 Hinge Joint
3 Pivot Joint
4 Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joint
5 Saddle joint
6 Ball & Socket joint
Representative Representative ArticulationsArticulations
Temporomandibular JointMostly hinge joint, some gliding and
rotationArticular disc
Intervertebral Intervertebral articulationsarticulations
Gliding joints between vertebrae (facets)
Intervertebral discs: (Amphiarthroses) annulus fibrosus: tough outer layer
(fibrocartilage) nucleus pulposus: soft, gelatinous
core
Account for ~25% of vertebral column height – H2O loss during aging
Glenohumeral (shoulder) Glenohumeral (shoulder) JointJoint
Greatest range of motion (due to loose capsule and shallow glenoid)
Most frequently dislocated
Stability provided by rotator cuff
Hip JointHip Joint
Deep well fitted ball and socket joint
Stabilization: Extracapsular and
intracapsular ligaments (ligamentum teres = ligamentum capitis femoris)
Strong joint capsule
Extensive surrounding musculature
Knee JointKnee Joint
Much more complex than elbow
Less stable than other hinge joints Some gliding and rotation
Structurally 3 separate joints
No single joint capsule
More KneeMore Knee
Extra- and intracapsular structures Medial and lateral
meniscus
Cruciate ligaments
Collateral ligaments (extracapsular)
Fat Pads
Patella and Patellar Tendon/ligament
Anterior Posterior
Knee, sagittal sectionKnee, sagittal section
Ant. Cruc. Lig.
The infamous ACLThe infamous ACL
Twisting Soccer, skiing, etc.
8X more common in women Hormones Strength Geometry
Surgery is optional Several techniques
Post-op period
Total Knee ReplacementTotal Knee Replacement
Total Knee ReplacementTotal Knee Replacement
The Ankle and FootThe Ankle and Foot
Hinge Joint Deltoid and three Lateral
Ligaments Calcaneous = Heel Bone
Calcaneal/Achilles Tendon Talus articulates with tibia Intertarsal and
Tarsometatarsal Joints Cunieform bones Metarsal and phalangeal
bones Similar to the hand